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loo (version 2.10.0)

Efficient Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation and WAIC for Bayesian Models

Description

Efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO) for Bayesian models fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo, as described in Vehtari, Gelman, and Gabry (2017) . The approximation uses Pareto smoothed importance sampling (PSIS), a new procedure for regularizing importance weights. As a byproduct of the calculations, we also obtain approximate standard errors for estimated predictive errors and for the comparison of predictive errors between models. The package also provides methods for using stacking and other model weighting techniques to average Bayesian predictive distributions.

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Version

Install

install.packages('loo')

Monthly Downloads

771,381

Version

2.10.0

License

GPL (>= 3)

Maintainer

Jonah Gabry

Last Published

June 26th, 2026

Functions in loo (2.10.0)

find_model_names

Find the model names associated with "loo" objects
gpdfit

Estimate parameters of the Generalized Pareto distribution
kfold-helpers

Helper functions for K-fold cross-validation
loo-glossary

LOO package glossary
kfold-generic

Generic function for K-fold cross-validation for developers
loo

Efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO)
loo-package

Efficient LOO-CV and WAIC for Bayesian models
importance_sampling

A parent class for different importance sampling methods.
loo_approximate_posterior

Efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO) for posterior approximations
loo-datasets

Datasets for loo examples and vignettes
loo_moment_match_split

Split moment matching for efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO)
loo_subsample

Efficient approximate LOO-CV using subsampling
loo_predictive_metric

Estimate leave-one-out predictive performance..
nlist

Named lists
loo_compare

Model comparison
nobs.psis_loo_ss

The number of observations in a psis_loo_ss object.
loo_moment_match

Moment matching for efficient approximate leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO)
loo_model_weights

Model averaging/weighting via stacking or pseudo-BMA weighting
obs_idx

Get observation indices used in subsampling
old-extractors

Extractor methods
relative_eff

Convenience function for computing relative efficiencies
psis_approximate_posterior

Diagnostics for Laplace and ADVI approximations and Laplace-loo and ADVI-loo
pointwise

Convenience function for extracting pointwise estimates
parallel_psis_list

Parallel psis list computations
print_dims

Print dimensions of log-likelihood or log-weights matrix
sis

Standard importance sampling (SIS)
pareto-k-diagnostic

Diagnostics for Pareto smoothed importance sampling (PSIS)
psislw

Pareto smoothed importance sampling (deprecated, old version)
print.loo

Print methods
psis

Pareto smoothed importance sampling (PSIS)
weights.importance_sampling

Extract importance sampling weights
update.psis_loo_ss

Update psis_loo_ss objects
waic

Widely applicable information criterion (WAIC)
tis

Truncated importance sampling (TIS)
.compute_point_estimate

Compute a point estimate from a draws object
crps

Continuously ranked probability score
extract_log_lik

Extract pointwise log-likelihood from a Stan model
compare

Model comparison (deprecated, old version)
example_loglik_array

Objects to use in examples and tests
ap_psis

Pareto smoothed importance sampling (PSIS) using approximate posteriors
elpd

Generic (expected) log-predictive density
E_loo

Compute weighted expectations
.thin_draws

Thin a draws object
.ndraws

The number of posterior draws in a draws object.