Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics
Description
A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix
objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and
tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their
use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum
spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation',
including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord'
(1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel'
general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and
'Assunção/Reis' (1999) Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992)
and multicoloured
join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li et al.' )
, local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C'
('Anselin' 1995) and
'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995)
,
'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002)
and exact tests
for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009)
and 'LOSH' local indicators
of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis')
. The implementation of most of
these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018)
, with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022)
. 'Lagrange' multiplier tests for spatial dependence
in linear models are provided ('Anselin et al'. 1996)
, as are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised
spatial 'Durbin' models based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023)
. Additions in 2024 include Local
Indicators for Categorical Data based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021)
and 'Bivand et al.' (2017)
; also Weighted Multivariate Spatial
Autocorrelation Measures ('Bavaud' 2024) .
. A local indicators for categorical data
(LICD) implementation based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021)
and 'Bivand et al.' (2017)
was added in 1.3-7. Multivariate
'spatialdelta' ('Bavaud' 2024) was added in 1.3-13 ('Bivand' 2025 .
From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions
previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found
in 'spatialreg'.