forecast (version 7.2)

nnetar: Neural Network Time Series Forecasts

Description

Feed-forward neural networks with a single hidden layer and lagged inputs for forecasting univariate time series.

Usage

nnetar(y, p, P=1, size, repeats=20, xreg=NULL, lambda=NULL, model=NULL, subset=NULL, scale.inputs=TRUE, x=y, ...) "forecast"(object, h=ifelse(object$m > 1, 2 * object$m, 10), xreg=NULL, lambda=object$lambda, ...)

Arguments

y
A numeric vector or time series.
p
Embedding dimension for non-seasonal time series. Number of non-seasonal lags used as inputs. For non-seasonal time series, the default is the optimal number of lags (according to the AIC) for a linear AR(p) model. For seasonal time series, the same method is used but applied to seasonally adjusted data (from an stl decomposition).
P
Number of seasonal lags used as inputs.
size
Number of nodes in the hidden layer. Default is half of the number of input nodes (including external regressors, if given) plus 1.
repeats
Number of networks to fit with different random starting weights. These are then averaged when producing forecasts.
xreg
Optionally, a vector or matrix of external regressors, which must have the same number of rows as y. Must be numeric.
lambda
Box-Cox transformation parameter.
model
Output from a previous call to nnetar. If model is passed, this same model is fitted to y without re-estimating any parameters.
subset
Optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used in the fit. Can be an integer index vector or a logical vector the same length as y. All observations are used by default.
scale.inputs
If TRUE, inputs are scaled by subtracting the column means and dividing by their respective standard deviations. If lambda is not NULL, scaling is applied after Box-Cox transformation.
object
An object of class nnetar generated by nnetar.
h
Number of periods for forecasting.
x
Deprecated. Included for backwards compatibility.
...
Other arguments passed to nnet for nnetar but ignored for forecast.nnetar.

Value

returns an object of class "nnetar". forecast.nnetar returns an object of class "forecast".The function summary is used to obtain and print a summary of the results, while the function plot produces a plot of the forecasts.The generic accessor functions fitted.values and residuals extract useful features of the value returned by nnetar.An object of class "forecast" is a list containing at least the following elements: is a list containing at least the following elements:

Details

A feed-forward neural network is fitted with lagged values of y as inputs and a single hidden layer with size nodes. The inputs are for lags 1 to p, and lags m to mP where m=frequency(y). If there are missing values in y or xreg), the corresponding rows (and any others which depend on them as lags) are omitted from the fit. A total of repeats networks are fitted, each with random starting weights. These are then averaged when computing forecasts. The network is trained for one-step forecasting. Multi-step forecasts are computed recursively.

For non-seasonal data, the fitted model is denoted as an NNAR(p,k) model, where k is the number of hidden nodes. This is analogous to an AR(p) model but with nonlinear functions. For seasonal data, the fitted model is called an NNAR(p,P,k)[m] model, which is analogous to an ARIMA(p,0,0)(P,0,0)[m] model but with nonlinear functions.

Examples

Run this code
fcast <- forecast(fit)
plot(fcast)

## Arguments can be passed to nnet()
fit <- nnetar(lynx, decay=0.5, maxit=150)
plot(forecast(fit))
lines(lynx)

## Fit model to first 100 years of lynx data
fit <- nnetar(window(lynx,end=1920), decay=0.5, maxit=150)
plot(forecast(fit,h=14))
lines(lynx)

## Apply fitted model to later data, including all optional arguments
fit2 <- nnetar(window(lynx,start=1921), model=fit)

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