invariance.alignment: Alignment Procedure for Linking under Approximate Invariance

Description

This function does alignment under approximate invariance for $G$ groups and $I$ items (Asparouhov & Muthen, 2014; Muthen, 2014). It is assumed that item loadings and intercepts are previously estimated under the assumption of a factor with zero mean and a variance of one.

Usage

invariance.alignment(lambda, nu, wgt=NULL, align.scale=c(1, 1),
    align.pow=c(1, 1), eps=.01, h=0.001, max.increment=0.2,
    increment.factor=c(1.001,1.02,1.04,1.08), maxiter=300, conv=1e-04,
    fac.oldpar=c(.01,.2,.5,.85), psi0.init=NULL, alpha0.init=NULL, progress=TRUE)
# S3 method for invariance.alignment
summary(object,...)

Arguments

lambda

A $G \times I$ matrix with item loadings

A $G \times I$ matrix with item intercepts

wgt

A $G \times I$ matrix for weighing groups for each item

align.scale

A vector of length two containing scale parameter $a_{λ}$ and $a_{ν}$ (see Details)

align.pow

A vector of length two containing power $p_{λ}$ and $p_{ν}$ (see Details)

eps

A parameter in the optimization function

Numerical differentiation parameter

max.increment

Maximum increment in each iteration

increment.factor

A numerical larger than one indicating the extent of the decrease of max.increment in every iteration.

maxiter

Maximum number of iterations

conv

Maximum parameter change of the optimization function

fac.oldpar

Convergence acceleration parameter between 0 and 1. This parameter defines the relative weight the previous parameter value for the calculation of the parameter update. The default is .85. But experiment with this value and study the obtained results.

psi0.init

An optional vector of initial $ψ_{0}$ parameters

alpha0.init

An optional vector of initial $α_{0}$ parameters

progress

An optional logical indicating whether computational should be printed.

object

Object of class invariance.alignment

…

Further optional arguments to be passed

Value

A list with following entries

pars

Aligned distribution parameters

itempars.aligned

Aligned item parameters for all groups

es.invariance

Effect sizes of approximate invariance

lambda.aligned

Aligned $λ_{i g, 1}$ parameters

lambda.resid

Residuals of $λ_{i g, 1}$ parameters

nu.aligned

Aligned $ν_{i g, 1}$ parameters

nu.resid

Residuals of $ν_{i g, 1}$ parameters

Niter

Number of iterations for $f_{λ}$ and $f_{ν}$ optimization functions

miniter

Iteration index with minimum optimization value

fopt

Minimum optimization value

align.scale

Used alignment scale parameters

align.pow

Used alignment power parameters

Details

For $G$ groups and $I$ items, item loadings $λ_{i g 0}$ and intercepts $ν_{i g 0}$ are available and have been estimated in a 1-dimensional factor analysis assuming a standardized factor.

The alignment procedure searches means $α_{g 0}$ and standard deviations $ψ_{g 0}$ using an alignment optimization function $F$ . This function is defined as $F = \sum_{i} \sum_{g_{1} < g_{2}} w_{i, g 1} w_{i, g 2} f_{λ} (λ_{i g_{1}, 1} - λ_{i g_{2}, 1}) + \sum_{i} \sum_{g_{1} < g_{2}} w_{i, g 1} w_{i, g 2} f_{ν} (ν_{i g_{1}, 1} - ν_{i g_{2}, 1})$ where the aligned item parameters $λ_{i g, 1}$ and $ν_{i g, 1}$ are defined such that

$λ_{i g, 1} = λ_{i g 0} / ψ_{g 0} and ν_{i g, 1} = ν_{i g 0} - α_{g 0} λ_{i g 0} / ψ_{g 0}$ and the optimization functions are defined as $f_{λ} (x) = [(x / a_{λ})^{2} + ε]^{p_{λ}} and f_{ν} (x) = [(x / a_{ν})^{2} + ε]^{p_{ν}}$ using a small $ε > 0$ (e.g. .0001) to obtain a differentiable optimization function.

For identification reasons, the product $Π_{g} ψ_{g 0}$ of all group standard deviations is set to one. The mean $α_{g 0}$ of the first group is set to zero.

Note that the standard deviations $ψ_{g}$ are estimated due to minimizing the sum of $f_{λ}$ functions while means $α_{g}$ are obtained by minimizing the $f_{ν}$ part with fixed $ψ_{g}$ parameters. Therefore, the original approach of Asparouhov and Muthen (2014) is split into a two-step procedure.

Note that Asparouhov and Muthen (2014) use $a_{λ} = a_{ν} = 1$ (which can be modified in align.scale) and $p_{λ} = p_{ν} = 1 / 4$ (which can be modified in align.pow). In case of $p_{λ} = 1$ , the penalty is approximately $f_{λ} (x) = x^{2}$ , in case of $p_{λ} = 1 / 4$ it is approximately $f_{λ} (x) = \sqrt{| x |}$ .

Effect sizes of approximate invariance based on $R^{2}$ have been proposed by Asparouhov and Muthen (2014). These are calculated separately for item loading and intercepts, resulting in $R_{λ}^{2}$ and $R_{ν}^{2}$ measures which are included in the output es.invariance. In addition, the average correlation of aligned item parameters among groups (rbar) is reported.

Metric invariance means that all aligned item loadings $λ_{i g, 1}$ are equal across groups and therefore $R_{λ}^{2} = 1$ . Scalar invariance means that all aligned item loadings $λ_{i g, 1}$ and aligned item intercepts $ν_{i g, 1}$ are equal across groups and therefore $R_{λ}^{2} = 1$ and $R_{ν}^{2} = 1$ (see Vandenberg & Lance, 2000).

References

Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2014). Multiple-group factor analysis alignment. Structural Equation Modeling, 21, 1-14.

Muthen, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2014). IRT studies of many groups: The alignment method. Frontiers in Psychology | Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 5:978. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978,

Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70.

Examples

Run this code

# NOT RUN {
#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 1: Item parameters cultural activities
#############################################################################

data( data.activity.itempars )
lambda <- data.activity.itempars$lambda
nu <- data.activity.itempars$nu
Ng <-  data.activity.itempars$N
wgt <- matrix( sqrt(Ng), length(Ng), ncol(nu) )

#***
# Model 1: Alignment using a quadratic loss function
#   -> use the default of align.pow=c(1,1) and align.scale=c(1,1)
mod1 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, wgt )
summary(mod1)
  ##   Effect Sizes of Approximate Invariance
  ##          loadings intercepts
  ##   R2       0.9944     0.9988
  ##   sqrtU2   0.0748     0.0346
  ##   rbar     0.9265     0.9735

#****
# Model 2: Different powers for alignment
mod2 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, wgt,  align.pow=c(.25,1/2),
              align.scale=c(.95,.95),  max.increment=.1)
summary(mod2)

# compare means from Models 1 and 2
plot( mod1$pars$alpha0, mod2$pars$alpha0, pch=16,
    xlab="M (Model 1)", ylab="M (Model 2)", xlim=c(-.3,.3), ylim=c(-.3,.3) )
lines( c(-1,1), c(-1,1), col="gray")
round( cbind( mod1$pars$alpha0, mod2$pars$alpha0 ), 3 )
round( mod1$nu.resid, 3)
round( mod2$nu.resid,3 )

#****
# Model 3: Low powers for alignment of scale and power
# Note that setting increment.factor larger than 1 seems necessary
mod3 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, wgt, align.pow=c(.25,.35),
            align.scale=c(.55,.55), psi0.init=mod1$psi0, alpha0.init=mod1$alpha0 )
summary(mod3)

# compare mean and SD estimates of Models 1 and 3
plot( mod1$pars$alpha0, mod3$pars$alpha0, pch=16)
plot( mod1$pars$psi0, mod3$pars$psi0, pch=16)

# compare residuals for Models 1 and 3
# plot lambda
plot( abs(as.vector(mod1$lambda.resid)), abs(as.vector(mod3$lambda.resid)),
      pch=16, xlab="Residuals lambda (Model 1)",
      ylab="Residuals lambda (Model 3)", xlim=c(0,.1), ylim=c(0,.1))
lines( c(-3,3),c(-3,3), col="gray")
# plot nu
plot( abs(as.vector(mod1$nu.resid)), abs(as.vector(mod3$nu.resid)),
      pch=16, xlab="Residuals nu (Model 1)", ylab="Residuals nu (Model 3)",
      xlim=c(0,.4),ylim=c(0,.4))
lines( c(-3,3),c(-3,3), col="gray")

# }
# NOT RUN {
#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 2: Comparison 4 groups | data.inv4gr
#############################################################################

data(data.inv4gr)
dat <- data.inv4gr
miceadds::library_install("semTools")

model1 <- "
    F=~ I01 + I02 + I03 + I04 + I05 + I06 + I07 + I08 + I09 + I10 + I11
    F ~~ 1*F
    "

res <- semTools::measurementInvariance(model1, std.lv=TRUE, data=dat, group="group")
  ##   Measurement invariance tests:
  ##
  ##   Model 1: configural invariance:
  ##       chisq        df    pvalue       cfi     rmsea       bic
  ##     162.084   176.000     0.766     1.000     0.000 95428.025
  ##
  ##   Model 2: weak invariance (equal loadings):
  ##       chisq        df    pvalue       cfi     rmsea       bic
  ##     519.598   209.000     0.000     0.973     0.039 95511.835
  ##
  ##   [Model 1 versus model 2]
  ##     delta.chisq      delta.df delta.p.value     delta.cfi
  ##         357.514        33.000         0.000         0.027
  ##
  ##   Model 3: strong invariance (equal loadings + intercepts):
  ##       chisq        df    pvalue       cfi     rmsea       bic
  ##    2197.260   239.000     0.000     0.828     0.091 96940.676
  ##
  ##   [Model 1 versus model 3]
  ##     delta.chisq      delta.df delta.p.value     delta.cfi
  ##        2035.176        63.000         0.000         0.172
  ##
  ##   [Model 2 versus model 3]
  ##     delta.chisq      delta.df delta.p.value     delta.cfi
  ##        1677.662        30.000         0.000         0.144
  ##

# extract item parameters separate group analyses
ipars <- lavaan::parameterEstimates(res$fit.configural)
# extract lambda's: groups are in rows, items in columns
lambda <- matrix( ipars[ ipars$op=="=~", "est"], nrow=4,  byrow=TRUE)
colnames(lambda) <- colnames(dat)[-1]
# extract nu's
nu <- matrix( ipars[ ipars$op=="~1"  & ipars$se !=0, "est" ], nrow=4,  byrow=TRUE)
colnames(nu) <- colnames(dat)[-1]

# Model 1: least squares optimization
mod1 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu )
summary(mod1)
  ##   Effect Sizes of Approximate Invariance
  ##          loadings intercepts
  ##   R2       0.9826     0.9972
  ##   sqrtU2   0.1319     0.0526
  ##   rbar     0.6237     0.7821
  ##   -----------------------------------------------------------------
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##     alpha0  psi0
  ##   1  0.000 0.965
  ##   2 -0.105 1.098
  ##   3 -0.081 1.011
  ##   4  0.171 0.935

# Model 2: sparse target function
mod2 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu, align.pow=c(1/4,1/4) )
summary(mod2)
  ##   Effect Sizes of Approximate Invariance
  ##          loadings intercepts
  ##   R2       0.9824     0.9972
  ##   sqrtU2   0.1327     0.0529
  ##   rbar     0.6237     0.7856
  ##   -----------------------------------------------------------------
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##     alpha0  psi0
  ##   1 -0.002 0.965
  ##   2 -0.107 1.098
  ##   3 -0.083 1.011
  ##   4  0.170 0.935

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 3: European Social Survey data.ess2005
#############################################################################

data(data.ess2005)
lambda <- data.ess2005$lambda
nu <- data.ess2005$nu

# Model 1: least squares optimization
mod1 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu )
summary(mod1)

# Model 2: sparse target function and definition of scales
mod2 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu, align.pow=c(1/4,1/4),
            align.scale=c( .2, .3)  )
summary(mod2)

# compare results of Model 1 and Model 2
round( cbind( mod1$pars, mod2$pars ), 2 )
  ##      alpha0 psi0 alpha0 psi0
  ##   1    0.06 0.87   0.05 0.91
  ##   2   -0.51 1.03  -0.37 0.99
  ##   3    0.18 0.97   0.25 1.04
  ##   4   -0.67 0.90  -0.53 0.90
  ##   5    0.09 0.98   0.10 0.99
  ##   6    0.23 1.03   0.28 1.00
  ##   7    0.27 0.97   0.14 1.10
  ##   8    0.18 0.90   0.07 0.89
  ##   [...]

# look at nu residuals to explain differences in means
round( mod1$nu.resid, 2)
  ##         ipfrule ipmodst ipbhprp imptrad
  ##    [1,]    0.15   -0.25   -0.01    0.01
  ##    [2,]   -0.18    0.23    0.10   -0.24
  ##    [3,]    0.22   -0.34    0.05   -0.02
  ##    [4,]    0.29   -0.04    0.12   -0.53
  ##    [5,]   -0.32    0.19    0.00    0.13
  ##    [6,]    0.05   -0.21    0.05    0.04
  ##    [7,]   -0.26    0.54   -0.15   -0.02
  ##    [8,]    0.07   -0.05   -0.10    0.12
round( mod2$nu.resid, 2)
  ##         ipfrule ipmodst ipbhprp imptrad
  ##    [1,]    0.16   -0.25    0.00    0.02
  ##    [2,]   -0.27    0.14    0.00   -0.30
  ##    [3,]    0.18   -0.37    0.00   -0.05
  ##    [4,]    0.19   -0.13    0.00   -0.60
  ##    [5,]   -0.33    0.19   -0.01    0.12
  ##    [6,]    0.00   -0.23    0.00    0.01
  ##    [7,]   -0.16    0.64   -0.01    0.04
  ##    [8,]    0.15    0.02   -0.02    0.19

round( rowMeans( mod1$nu.resid )[1:8], 2 )
  ##   [1] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04  0.00 -0.02  0.03  0.01
round( rowMeans( mod2$nu.resid )[1:8], 2 )
  ##   [1] -0.02 -0.11 -0.06 -0.14 -0.01 -0.06  0.13  0.09

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 4: Linking with item parameters containing outliers
#############################################################################

# see Help file in linking.robust

# simulate some item difficulties in the Rasch model
I <- 38
set.seed(18785)
itempars <- data.frame("item"=paste0("I",1:I) )
itempars$study1 <- stats::rnorm( I, mean=.3, sd=1.4 )
# simulate DIF effects plus some outliers
bdif <- stats::rnorm(I,mean=.4,sd=.09)+( stats::runif(I)>.9 )* rep( 1*c(-1,1)+.4, each=I/2 )
itempars$study2 <- itempars$study1 + bdif
# create input for function invariance.alignment
nu <- t( itempars[,2:3] )
colnames(nu) <- itempars$item
lambda <- 1+0*nu

# linking using least squares optimization
mod1 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu )
summary(mod1)
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0 psi0
  ##   study1 -0.286    1
  ##   study2  0.286    1

# linking using powers of .5
mod2 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu, align.pow=c(.5,.5) )
summary(mod2)
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0 psi0
  ##   study1 -0.213    1
  ##   study2  0.213    1

# linking using powers of .25
mod3 <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda=lambda, nu=nu, align.pow=c(.25,.25) )
summary(mod3)
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0 psi0
  ##   study1 -0.207    1
  ##   study2  0.207    1

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 5: Linking gender groups with data.math
#############################################################################

data(data.math)
dat <- data.math$data
dat.male <- dat[ dat$female==0, substring( colnames(dat),1,1)=="M"  ]
dat.female <- dat[ dat$female==1, substring( colnames(dat),1,1)=="M"  ]

#*************************
# Model 1: Linking using the Rasch model
mod1m <- sirt::rasch.mml2( dat.male )
mod1f <- sirt::rasch.mml2( dat.female )

# create objects for invariance.alignment
nu <- rbind( mod1m$item$thresh, mod1f$item$thresh )
colnames(nu) <- mod1m$item$item
rownames(nu) <- c("male", "female")
lambda <- 1+0*nu

# mean of item difficulties
round( rowMeans(nu), 3 )
  ##     male female
  ##   -0.081 -0.049

# Linking using least squares optimization
res1a <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, align.scale=c( .3, .5 ) )
summary(res1a)
  ##   Effect Sizes of Approximate Invariance
  ##          loadings intercepts
  ##   R2            1     0.9801
  ##   sqrtU2        0     0.1412
  ##   rbar          1     0.9626
  ##   -----------------------------------------------------------------
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0 psi0
  ##   male   -0.016    1
  ##   female  0.016    1

# Linking using optimization with absolute values
res1b <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, align.scale=c( .3, .5 ),
                align.pow=c( .5, .5 ) )
summary(res1b)
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0 psi0
  ##   male   -0.045    1
  ##   female  0.045    1

#-- compare results with Haberman linking
I <- ncol(dat.male)
itempartable <- data.frame( "study"=rep( c("male", "female"), each=I ) )
itempartable$item <- c( paste0(mod1m$item$item),  paste0(mod1f$item$item) )
itempartable$a <- 1
itempartable$b <- c( mod1m$item$b, mod1f$item$b )
# estimate linking parameters
res1c <- sirt::linking.haberman( itempars=itempartable )
  ##   Transformation parameters (Haberman linking)
  ##      study At     Bt
  ##   1 female  1  0.000
  ##   2   male  1 -0.032
  ##   Linear transformation for person parameters theta
  ##      study A_theta B_theta
  ##   1 female       1   0.000
  ##   2   male       1   0.032
  ##   R-Squared Measures of Invariance
  ##          slopes intercepts
  ##   R2          1     0.9801
  ##   sqrtU2      0     0.1412

#-- results of equating.rasch
x <- itempartable[ 1:I, c("item", "b") ]
y <- itempartable[ I + 1:I, c("item", "b") ]
res1d <- sirt::equating.rasch( x, y )
round( res1d$B.est, 3 )
  ##     Mean.Mean Haebara Stocking.Lord
  ##   1     0.032   0.032         0.029

#*************************
# Model 2: Linking using the 2PL model
I <- ncol(dat.male)
mod2m <- sirt::rasch.mml2( dat.male, est.a=1:I)
mod2f <- sirt::rasch.mml2( dat.female, est.a=1:I)

# create objects for invariance.alignment
nu <- rbind( mod2m$item$thresh, mod2f$item$thresh )
colnames(nu) <- mod2m$item$item
rownames(nu) <- c("male", "female")
lambda <- rbind( mod2m$item$a, mod2f$item$a )
colnames(lambda) <- mod2m$item$item
rownames(lambda) <- c("male", "female")

res2a <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, align.scale=c( .3, .5 ) )
summary(res2a)
  ##   Effect Sizes of Approximate Invariance
  ##          loadings intercepts
  ##   R2       0.9589     0.9682
  ##   sqrtU2   0.2027     0.1782
  ##   rbar     0.5177     0.9394
  ##   -----------------------------------------------------------------
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0  psi0
  ##   male   -0.044 0.968
  ##   female  0.047 1.034

res2b <- sirt::invariance.alignment( lambda, nu, align.scale=c( .3, .5 ),
                align.pow=c( .5, .5 ) )
summary(res2b)
  ##   Group Means and Standard Deviations
  ##          alpha0  psi0
  ##   male   -0.046 1.053
  ##   female  0.041 0.951

# compare results with Haberman linking
I <- ncol(dat.male)
itempartable <- data.frame( "study"=rep( c("male", "female"), each=I ) )
itempartable$item <- c( paste0(mod2m$item$item),  paste0(mod2f$item$item ) )
itempartable$a <- c( mod2m$item$a, mod2f$item$a )
itempartable$b <- c( mod2m$item$b, mod2f$item$b )
# estimate linking parameters
res2c <- sirt::linking.haberman( itempars=itempartable )
  ##   Transformation parameters (Haberman linking)
  ##      study    At   Bt
  ##   1 female 1.000 0.00
  ##   2   male 1.041 0.09
  ##   Linear transformation for person parameters theta
  ##      study A_theta B_theta
  ##   1 female   1.000    0.00
  ##   2   male   1.041   -0.09
  ##   R-Squared Measures of Invariance
  ##          slopes intercepts
  ##   R2     0.9554     0.9484
  ##   sqrtU2 0.2111     0.2273
# }

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