lme4 (version 1.1-37)

predict.merMod: Predictions from a model at new data values

Description

The predict method for merMod objects, i.e. results of lmer(), glmer(), etc.

Usage

# S3 method for merMod
predict(object, newdata = NULL, newparams = NULL,
    re.form = NULL,
    random.only=FALSE, terms = NULL,
    type = c("link", "response"), allow.new.levels = FALSE,
    na.action = na.pass,
    se.fit = FALSE,
    ...)

Value

a numeric vector of predicted values

Arguments

object

a fitted model object

newdata

data frame for which to evaluate predictions.

newparams

new parameters to use in evaluating predictions, specified as in the start parameter for lmer or glmer -- a list with components theta and/or (for GLMMs) beta.

re.form

(formula, NULL, or NA) specify which random effects to condition on when predicting. If NULL, include all random effects; if NA or ~0, include no random effects.

random.only

(logical) ignore fixed effects, making predictions only using random effects?

terms

a terms object - unused at present.

type

character string - either "link", the default, or "response" indicating the type of prediction object returned.

allow.new.levels

logical if new levels (or NA values) in newdata are allowed. If FALSE (default), such new values in newdata will trigger an error; if TRUE, then the prediction will use the unconditional (population-level) values for data with previously unobserved levels (or NAs).

na.action

function determining what should be done with missing values for fixed effects in newdata. The default is to predict NA: see na.pass.

se.fit

(Experimental) A logical value indicating whether the standard errors should be included or not. Default is FALSE.

...

optional additional parameters. None are used at present.

Details

• If any random effects are included in re.form (i.e. it is not ~0 or NA), newdata must contain columns corresponding to all of the grouping variables and random effects used in the original model, even if not all are used in prediction; however, they can be safely set to NA in this case.

• There is no option for computing standard errors of predictions because it is difficult to define an efficient method that incorporates uncertainty in the variance parameters; we recommend bootMer for this task.

Examples

(gm1 <- glmer(cbind(incidence, size - incidence) ~ period + (1 |herd), cbpp, binomial))
str(p0 <- predict(gm1))            # fitted values
str(p1 <- predict(gm1,re.form=NA))  # fitted values, unconditional (level-0)
newdata <- with(cbpp, expand.grid(period=unique(period), herd=unique(herd)))
str(p2 <- predict(gm1,newdata))    # new data, all RE
str(p3 <- predict(gm1,newdata,re.form=NA)) # new data, level-0
str(p4 <- predict(gm1,newdata,re.form= ~(1|herd))) # explicitly specify RE
stopifnot(identical(p2, p4))
# \dontshow{

## predict() should work with variable names with spaces [as lm() does]:
dd <- expand.grid(y=1:3, "Animal ID" = 1:9)
fm <- lmer(y ~ 1 + (1 | `Animal ID`),  dd)
summary(fm)
isel <- c(7, 9, 11, 13:17, 20:22)
stopifnot(all.equal(vcov(fm)[1,1], 0.02564102564),
	  all.equal(unname(predict(fm, newdata = dd[isel,])),
		    unname( fitted(fm) [isel])))
# }