gmp (version 0.5-13)

bigz operators: Basic Arithmetic Operators for Large Integers ("bigz")

Description

Addition, substraction, multiplication, (integer) division, remainder of division, multiplicative inverse, power and logarithm functions.

Usage

add.bigz(e1, e2)
sub.bigz(e1, e2 = NULL)
mul.bigz(e1, e2)
div.bigz(e1, e2)
divq.bigz(e1,e2) ## ==  e1 %/% e2
mod.bigz(e1, e2) ## ==  e1 %%  e2
"abs"(x)
inv.bigz(a, b,...)## == (1 / a) (modulo b)
pow.bigz(e1, e2,...)## == e1 ^ e2
"log"(x, base=exp(1))
"log2"(x)
"log10"(x)

Arguments

x

bigz, integer or string from an integer

e1, e2, a,b

bigz, integer or string from an integer

base

base of the logarithm; base e as default

...

Additional parameters

Value

Apart from / (or div), where rational numbers (bigq) may result, these functions return an object of class "bigz", representing the result of the arithmetic operation.

Details

Operators can be used directly when objects are of class bigz: a + b, log(a), etc.

For details about the internal modulus state, and the rules applied for arithmetic operations on big integers with a modulus, see the bigz help page.

a / b $=$ div(a,b) returns a rational number unless the operands have a (matching) modulus where a * b^-1 results. a %/% b (or, equivalently, divq(a,b)) returns the quotient of simple integer division (with truncation towards zero), possibly re-adding a modulus at the end (but not using a modulus like in a / b).

r <- inv.bigz(a, m), the multiplicative inverse of a modulo $m$, corresponds to 1/a or a ^-1 from above when a has modulus m. Note that $a$ not always has an inverse modulo $m$, in which case r will be NA with a warning that can be turned off via

options("gmp:warnNoInv" = FALSE)

.

References

The GNU MP Library, see http://gmplib.org

Examples

# 1+1=2
as.bigz(1) + 1
as.bigz(2)^10
as.bigz(2)^200

# if my.large.num.string is set to a number, this returns the least byte
(my.large.num.string <- paste(sample(0:9, 200, replace=TRUE), collapse=""))
mod.bigz(as.bigz(my.large.num.string), "0xff")

# power exponents can be up to MAX_INT in size, or unlimited if a
# bigz's modulus is set.
pow.bigz(10,10000)

## Modulo 11,   7 and 8 are inverses :
as.bigz(7, mod = 11) * 8 ## ==>  1  (mod 11)
inv.bigz(7, 11)## hence, 8
a <- 1:10
(i.a <- inv.bigz(a, 11))
d <- as.bigz(7)
a %/% d  # = divq(a, d)
a %%  d  # = mod.bigz (a, d)

(ii <- inv.bigz(1:10, 16))
## with 5 warnings (one for each NA)
op <- options("gmp:warnNoInv" = FALSE)
i2 <- inv.bigz(1:10, 16) # no warnings
(i3 <- 1 / as.bigz(1:10, 16))
i4 <- as.bigz(1:10, 16) ^ -1
stopifnot(identical(ii, i2),
	  identical(as.bigz(i2, 16), i3),
	  identical(i3, i4))
options(op)# revert previous options' settings

stopifnot(inv.bigz(7, 11) == 8,
          all(as.bigz(i.a, 11) * a == 1),
          identical(a %/% d, divq.bigz(1:10, 7)),
          identical(a %%  d, mod.bigz (a, d))
 )