Learn R Programming

terra (version 1.9-50)

Spatial Data Analysis

Description

Methods for spatial data analysis with vector (points, lines, polygons) and raster (grid) data. Methods for vector data include geometric operations such as intersect and buffer. Raster methods include local, focal, global, zonal and geometric operations. The predict and interpolate methods facilitate the use of regression type (interpolation, machine learning) models for spatial prediction, including with satellite remote sensing data. Processing of very large files is supported. See the manual and tutorials on to get started.

Copy Link

Version

Install

install.packages('terra')

Monthly Downloads

231,708

Version

1.9-50

License

GPL (>= 3)

Homepage

https://rspatial.org/

Maintainer

Robert Hijmans

Last Published

September 8th, 2026

Functions in terra (1.9-50)

Set the NA flag

Add (in place) a SpatRaster to another SpatRaster or to a SpatRasterDataset or SpatRasterCollection

Layers representing colors

Number of immediate adjacent cells flowing into each cell

add a margin text

Active category

SpatRaster-class

SpatRaster class

add vertical and/or horizontal lines to a map made with terra

Aggregate raster or vector data

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector, or SpatExtent objects for equality

Describe a multi-dimensional array file

Adjacent cells or polygons

Estimate values for cell values that are NA by interpolating between layers

Align a SpatExtent

Apply a function to the cells of a SpatRaster

Add noise to (jitter) a SpatVector of points

Conversion to a SpatVector of lines

Add directional arrows from a SpatRaster to a plot

Conversion to a SpatVector of polygons

autocorrelation

Spatial autocorrelation

Create a text representation of (the skeleton of) an object

Two argument arc-tangent

Coerce a Spat* object to a list

SpatRaster or SpatVector to data.frame

Coerce to a "raster" object

Conversion to a SpatVector of points

Area covered by each raster cell

Detect boundaries (edges)

Combine SpatRaster or SpatVector objects

Create a buffer around vector geometries or raster patches

Box plot of SpatRaster data

Factors to numeric

Bar plot of a SpatRaster

Query by clicking on a map

clamp time series data

Coercion to vector, matrix or array

tighten SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset objects

Make a SpatRaster method memory-safe

Get cell numbers

Classify (or reclassify) cell values

Get the coordinates of SpatVector geometries or SpatRaster cells

Compare geometries

Convex, concave, rectangular and circular hulls

Cut out a geographic subset

Concatenate categorical rasters

Replace values with values from another object

Combine geometries

Compare-methods

Compare and logical methods

deprecated methods

Add additional nodes to lines or polygons

Get or set a coordinate reference system

depth of SpatRaster layers

Lagged differences

Data type of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Geographic distance

Subdivide a raster or polygons

Dimensions of a SpatRaster or SpatVector and related objects

Disaggregate raster cells or vector geometries

Make a dot-density map

Get the expanse (area) of individual polygons or for all (summed) raster cells

Erase parts of a SpatVector object

Draw a polygon, line, extent, or points

Extract values for a range of layers from a SpatRaster

Create, get or set a SpatExtent

flowAccumulation

Flow accumulation

Flip or reverse a raster

extract values along lines

Categorical rasters

Extract values from a SpatRaster or polygon SpatVector

Fill time gaps in a SpatRaster

Remove or extract holes from polygons, or fill holes in raster data

Path-Based Nondisperive Flow Direction

Focal function across two layers

force counter-clockwise polygons

Compute focal values with an iterating C++ function

Focal regression

Three-dimensional focal values

Focal weights matrix

Add halo-ed text to a plot

Get focal values

Frequency table

Distance on a grid

Find gaps between polygons

Create a graticule

GDAL version, supported file formats, cache size, and PROJ coordinate transformation control

Get the geometry (coordinates) of a SpatVector

global statistics

Distance to the furthest location on a geometry

add a grid to a map made with terra

Geometry type of a SpatVector

Compare two SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent objects for equality

Geolocation arrays and GCPs

ifelse for SpatRasters

Does a SpatVector have Z coordinates?

head and tail of a SpatRaster or SpatVector

SpatRaster image method

Impose the geometry of a SpatRaster to those in a SpatRasterCollection.

Initialize a SpatRaster with values

Change values in-place

Interpolate points using a moving window

Nearest neighbor interpolation

Check if a SpatExtent or SpatVector is empty

Check for longitude/latitude crs

Spatial interpolation

Is a SpatRaster flipped?

Raster value types

Check for rotation

Make an inset map

Add points, lines, or polygons to a map

Correlation and (weighted) covariance

Create a RGB SpatRaster

Linear units of the coordinate reference system

Check or fix polygon or extent validity

add a custom legend

Apply a function to layers of a SpatRaster, or sub-datasets of a SpatRasterDataset

Make tiles or get their extents

Add a continuous legend

color palettes for mapping

Memory available and needed

Make a VRT header file

Get the coordinates of the extent of a map

Value matching for SpatRasters

merge SpatRasters by timelines to create a single timeseries

Merge SpatRasters, or merge a SpatVector with a data.frame

General mathematical methods

Mask values in a SpatRaster or SpatVector

Names of Spat* objects

nearby geometries

Set or get metadata

Find and remove geometries that are NA

normalize.longitude

normalize vector data that crosses the dateline

mosaic SpatRasters

Get or compute the minimum and maximum cell values

Build a SpatNetwork

Number of segments

Perspective plot

Pairs plot (matrix of scatterplots)

Find pits (depressions with no outlet)

Detect patches (clumps) of cells

Perimeter or length

Red-Green-Blue plot of a multi-layered SpatRaster

Find CRS transformation pipelines

Change the coordinate reference system

SpatRaster PCA with prcomp

SpatRaster PCA with princomp

Plot with leaflet

Spatial model predictions

Plot a graticule

Plot a SpatExtent

Create a SpatRaster

Rasterize geometric properties of vector data

Rasterize points with a moving window

Fill layers with a range

Quantiles of spatial data

Rasterize vector data

Combine row, column, and layer numbers

Query a SpatVectorProxy object

Read from, or write to, file

Replicate layers

Transfer values of a SpatRaster to another one with a different geometry

Rectify a SpatRaster

Replace with $<-

Rolling (moving) functions

Replace values of a SpatRaster

Replace layers or variables

Spatial relationships between geometries

Cell level regression

Compare coordinate reference systems

Rotate data along longitude

row/col sums and means for SpatRaster

Scatterplot of two SpatRaster layers

Apply a terra function that takes only a single layer and returns a SpatRaster to all layers of a SpatRaster

Scale (gain) and offset

Scale values linearly

Take a regular sample

Create a SpatRasterDataset

saveRDS and serialize for SpatVector and SpatRaster*

Spatial selection

select cells with high or low values

Select the values of a range of layers, as specified by cell values in another SpatRaster

Set the values of raster cells or of geometry attributes

Create a SpatRasterCollection

Sort a SpatRaster or SpatVector

simplifyGeom geometries

Shortest paths on a SpatNetwork

Snap points to the edge of lines or polygons

spin a SpatVector

Data sources of a SpatRaster

Split a SpatRaster or SpatVector

replace cell values

Compute surface area from elevation data

Create a SpatVectorCollection

Extract values from a SpatRaster, SpatVector or SpatExtent

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Subset a SpatRaster or a SpatVector

Symmetrical difference

terrain characteristics

Add labels to a map

Subset geometries by minimum distance

Create a tessellation

Apply a function to subsets of layers of a SpatRaster

time of SpatRaster layers

Parallelize a SpatRaster function

Description of the methods in the terra package

Temporary files

Trim a SpatRaster

units of SpatRaster or SpatRasterDataset

Geometric union SpatVector or SpatExtent objects

Vector topology methods

Read all cell values into memory

Update a raster file

Cell values and geometry attributes

List or remove layers from a vector file

Weighted mean of layers

variable and long variable names

Compute a viewshed

Catchment delineation

filenames of VRT tiles

Virtual Raster Dataset

Voronoi diagram and Delaunay triangles

Compute warp resampling scale

Create SpatVector objects

Which cells are TRUE?

wrap and unwrap

Zoom in on a map

SpatVector geometric properties

Write SpatVector data to a file

Apply a function to the cells of two SpatRasters

Write raster data to a NetCDF file

Write raster data to a file

SpatRaster wrap with caching options

Write a SpatNetwork to disk

Get or set single values of an extent

Zonal statistics

Coordinates from a row, column or cell number and vice versa

Where are the cells with the min or max values?

SpatVector-class

Class "SpatVector"

SpatExtent-class

Class "SpatExtent"