rstanarm (version 2.10.1)

posterior_predict: Draw from posterior predictive distribution

Description

The posterior predictive distribution is the distribution of the outcome implied by the model after using the observed data to update our beliefs about the unknown parameters in the model. Simulating data from the posterior predictive distribution using the observed predictors is useful for checking the fit of the model. Drawing from the posterior predictive distribution at interesting values of the predictors also lets us visualize how a manipulation of a predictor affects (a function of) the outcome(s). With new observations of predictor variables we can use the posterior predictive distribution to generate predicted outcomes.

Usage

posterior_predict(object, newdata = NULL, draws = NULL, re.form = NULL, fun = NULL, seed = NULL, ...)

Arguments

object

A fitted model object returned by one of the rstanarm modeling functions. See stanreg-objects.

newdata

Optionally, a data frame in which to look for variables with which to predict. If omitted, the model matrix is used. If newdata is provided and any variables were transformed (e.g. rescaled) in the data used to fit the model, then these variables must also be transformed in newdata. This only applies if variables were transformed before passing the data to one of the modeling functions and not if transformations were specified inside the model formula. Also see the Note section below for a note about using the newdata argument with with binomial models.

draws

An integer indicating the number of draws to return. The default and maximum number of draws is the size of the posterior sample.

re.form

If object contains group-level parameters, a formula indicating which group-level parameters to condition on when making predictions. re.form is specified in the same form as for predict.merMod. The default, NULL, indicates that all estimated group-level parameters are conditioned on. To refrain from conditioning on any group-level parameters, specify NA or ~0. The newdata argument may include new levels of the grouping factors that were specified when the model was estimated, in which case the resulting posterior predictions marginalize over the relevant variables.

fun

An optional function to apply to the results. fun is found by a call to match.fun and so can be specified as a function object, a string naming a function, etc.

seed

An optional seed to use.

...

Currently unused.

Value

A draws by nrow(newdata) matrix of simulations from the posterior predictive distribution. Each row of the matrix is a vector of predictions generated using a single draw of the model parameters from the posterior distribution.

See Also

pp_check for graphical posterior predictive checks. Examples of posterior predictive checking can also be found in the rstanarm vignettes and demos.

Examples

if (!exists("example_model")) example(example_model)
yrep <- posterior_predict(example_model)
table(yrep)

## Not run: 
# # Using newdata
# counts <- c(18,17,15,20,10,20,25,13,12)
# outcome <- gl(3,1,9)
# treatment <- gl(3,3)
# fit3 <- stan_glm(counts ~ outcome + treatment, family = poisson(link="log"),
#                 prior = normal(0, 1), prior_intercept = normal(0, 5))
# nd <- data.frame(treatment = factor(rep(1,3)), outcome = factor(1:3))
# ytilde <- posterior_predict(fit3, nd, draws = 500)
# print(dim(ytilde))  # 500 by 3 matrix (draws by nrow(nd))
# ytilde <- data.frame(count = c(ytilde), 
#                      outcome = rep(nd$outcome, each = 500))
# ggplot(ytilde, aes(x=outcome, y=count)) + 
#   geom_boxplot() + 
#   ylab("predicted count")
# 
# 
# # Using newdata with a binomial model
# # example_model is binomial so we need to set
# # the number of trials to use for prediction.
# # This could be a different number for each 
# # row of newdata or the same for all rows.
# # Here we'll use the same value for all.
# nd <- lme4::cbpp
# print(formula(example_model))  # cbind(incidence, size - incidence) ~ ...
# nd$size <- max(nd$size) + 1L   # number of trials
# nd$incidence <- 0  # set to 0 so size - incidence = number of trials
# ytilde <- posterior_predict(example_model, newdata = nd)
# 
# 
# # Using fun argument to transform predictions
# mtcars2 <- mtcars
# mtcars2$log_mpg <- log(mtcars2$mpg)
# fit <- stan_glm(log_mpg ~ wt, data = mtcars2)
# ytilde <- posterior_predict(fit, fun = exp)
# ## End(Not run)