Package: |
stand |
Type: |
Package |
Version: |
2.0 |
Date: |
2015-09-10 |
License: |
GPL version 2 or newer |
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has published a
consensus standard with two basic strategies for evaluating an
exposure profile---see Mulhausen and Damiano(1998), Ignacio and
Bullock (2006). Most of the AIHA methods are based on the assumptions
that the exposure data does not contain non-detects, and that a
lognormal distribution can be used to describe the data. Exposure
monitoring results from a compliant workplace tend to contain a high
percentage of non-detected results when the detection limit is close
to the exposure limit, and in some situations, the lognormal
assumption may not be reasonable. The function
IH.summary
calculates most of the statistics proposed by
AIHA for exposure data with non-detects. All of the methods are
described in the report Frome and Wambach (2005).
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American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2004), "Notice of Intended Change In: 2004 TLVs and BEIs," ACGIH, p. 60, Cincinnati, OH.
Burrows, G. L. (1963), "Statistical Tolerance Limits - What are They," Applied Statistics, 12, 133-144.
Armstrong, B. G. (1992), "Confidence Intervals for Arithmetic Means of Lognormally Distributed Exposures," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 53(8), 481-485.
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Cox, D. R. and D. V. Hinkley (1979), Theoretical Statistics, Chapman and Hall, New York.
Cox, D. R. and D. Oakes (1984), Analysis of Survival Data, Chapman and Hall, New York.
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Frome, E. L. and Wambach, P. F. (2005), "Statistical Methods and Software for the Analysis of Occupational Exposure Data with Non-Detectable Values," ORNL/TM-2005/52,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830. Available at: http://www.csm.ornl.gov/esh/aoed/ORNLTM2005-52.pdf
Hahn, G. J. and W. Q. Meeker (1991), Statistical Intervals, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Hewett, P. and G. H. Ganser, (1997), "Simple Procedures for Calculating Confidence Intervals Around the Sample Mean and Exceedance Fraction Derived from Lognormally Distributed Data," Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 12(2), 132-147.
Helsel, D. (1990), "Less Than Obvious: Statistical Treatment of Date Below the Detection Limit," Environmental Science and Technology, 24(12), 1767-1774.
Hesel, D. R. and T. A. Cohn (1988), "Estimation of Descriptive Statistics for Multiply Censored Water Quality Data," Water Resources Research, 24, 1997-2004.
Johnson, N. L. and B. L. Welch (1940), "Application of the Non-Central t-Distribution," Biometrika, 31(3/4), 362-389.
Ignacio, J. S. and W. H. Bullock (2006), A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, Third Edition, AIHA Press, Fairfax, VA.
Kalbfleisch, J. D. and R. L. Prentice (1980), The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Kaplan, E. L. and Meir, P. (1958), "Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 457-481.
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Lyles R. H. and L. L. Kupper (1996), "On Strategies for Comparing Occupational Exposure Data to Limits," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 57:6-15.
Meeker, W. Q. and L. A. Escobar (1998), Statistical Methods for Reliability Data, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Moulton, L. H. and N. A. Halsey (1995), "A Mixture Model with Detection Limits for Regression Analysis of Antibody Response on Vaccine," Biometrics, 51, 1570-1578.
Mulhausen, J. R. and J. Damiano (1998), A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, Second Edition, AIHA Press, Fairfax, VA.
Neuman, M. C., P. M. Dixon, B. B. Looney, and J. E. Pinder (1989), "Estimating Mean and Variance for Environmental Samples with Below Detection Limit Observations," Water Resources Bulletin, 25, 905-916.
Ng, M. P. (2002), "A Modification of Peto's Nonparametric Estimation of Survival Curves for Interval-Censored Data," Biometrics, volume 58, number 2, pp. 439-442.
Odeh, R. E. and D. B. Owen (1980), Tables for Normal Tolerance Limits, Sampling Plans, and Screening, Marcel Deker, New York.
Peto, R. (1973), "Experimental Survival Curves for Interval-censored Data," Applied Statistics, volume 22, number 1, pp. 86-91.
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Sommerville, P. N. (1958), "Tables for Obtaining Non-Parametric Confidence Limits," Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 29, 599-601.
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Tuggle, R. M. (1982), "Assessment of Occupational Exposure Using One-Sided Tolerance Limits," American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 43, 338-346.
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Verrill, S. and R. A. Johnson (1998), "Tables and Large-Sample Distribution Theory for Censored-Data Correlation Statistics for Testing Normality," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1192-1197.
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# Example 1 from Frome and Wambach (2005) ORNL/TM-2005/52
# NOTE THAT FUNCTIONS NAMES AND DETAILS HAVE BEEN REVISED IN THIS PACKAGE
# the results are the same. For example lnorm.ml() replaces mlndln().
data(SESdata)
mle<-lnorm.ml(SESdata)
unlist(mle[1:4]) # ML estimates mu sigma E(X) and sigma^2
unlist(mle[5:8]) # ML Estimates of standard errors
unlist(mle[9:13]) # additional output from ORNL/TM-2005/52
IH.summary(SESdata,L=0.2) # All sumarry statistics for SESdata
# lognormal q-q plot for SESdata Figure in ORNL/TM-2005/52
qq.lnorm(plend(SESdata),mle$mu,mle$sigma)
title("SESdata: Smelter-Elevated Surfaces")
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