DESeq2 (version 1.12.3)

# DESeq: Differential expression analysis based on the Negative Binomial (a.k.a. Gamma-Poisson) distribution

## Description

This function performs a default analysis through the steps:
1. estimation of size factors: estimateSizeFactors
2. estimation of dispersion: estimateDispersions
3. Negative Binomial GLM fitting and Wald statistics: nbinomWaldTest

For complete details on each step, see the manual pages of the respective functions. After the DESeq function returns a DESeqDataSet object, results tables (log2 fold changes and p-values) can be generated using the results function. See the manual page for results for information on independent filtering and p-value adjustment for multiple test correction.

## Usage

DESeq(object, test = c("Wald", "LRT"), fitType = c("parametric", "local", "mean"), betaPrior, full = design(object), reduced, quiet = FALSE, minReplicatesForReplace = 7, modelMatrixType, parallel = FALSE, BPPARAM = bpparam())

## Arguments

object
a DESeqDataSet object, see the constructor functions DESeqDataSet, DESeqDataSetFromMatrix, DESeqDataSetFromHTSeqCount.
test
either "Wald" or "LRT", which will then use either Wald significance tests (defined by nbinomWaldTest), or the likelihood ratio test on the difference in deviance between a full and reduced model formula (defined by nbinomLRT)
fitType
either "parametric", "local", or "mean" for the type of fitting of dispersions to the mean intensity. See estimateDispersions for description.
betaPrior
whether or not to put a zero-mean normal prior on the non-intercept coefficients See nbinomWaldTest for description of the calculation of the beta prior. By default, the beta prior is used only for the Wald test, but can also be specified for the likelihood ratio test.
full
for test="LRT", the full model formula, which is restricted to the formula in design(object). alternatively, it can be a model matrix constructed by the user. advanced use: specifying a model matrix for full and test="Wald" is possible if betaPrior=FALSE
reduced
for test="LRT", a reduced formula to compare against, i.e., the full formula with the term(s) of interest removed. alternatively, it can be a model matrix constructed by the user
quiet
whether to print messages at each step
minReplicatesForReplace
the minimum number of replicates required in order to use replaceOutliers on a sample. If there are samples with so many replicates, the model will be refit after these replacing outliers, flagged by Cook's distance. Set to Inf in order to never replace outliers.
modelMatrixType
either "standard" or "expanded", which describe how the model matrix, X of the GLM formula is formed. "standard" is as created by model.matrix using the design formula. "expanded" includes an indicator variable for each level of factors in addition to an intercept. for more information see the Description of nbinomWaldTest. betaPrior must be set to TRUE in order for expanded model matrices to be fit.
parallel
if FALSE, no parallelization. if TRUE, parallel execution using BiocParallel, see next argument BPPARAM. A note on running in parallel using BiocParallel: it may be advantageous to remove large, unneeded objects from your current R environment before calling DESeq, as it is possible that R's internal garbage collection will copy these files while running on worker nodes.
BPPARAM
an optional parameter object passed internally to bplapply when parallel=TRUE. If not specified, the parameters last registered with register will be used.

## Value

a DESeqDataSet object with results stored as metadata columns. These results should accessed by calling the results function. By default this will return the log2 fold changes and p-values for the last variable in the design formula. See results for how to access results for other variables.

## Details

The differential expression analysis uses a generalized linear model of the form:

$$K_{ij} \sim \textrm{NB}( \mu_{ij}, \alpha_i)$$ $$\mu_{ij} = s_j q_{ij}$$ $$\log_2(q_{ij}) = x_{j.} \beta_i$$

where counts $K_ij$ for gene i, sample j are modeled using a Negative Binomial distribution with fitted mean $mu_ij$ and a gene-specific dispersion parameter $alpha_i$. The fitted mean is composed of a sample-specific size factor $s_j$ and a parameter $q_ij$ proportional to the expected true concentration of fragments for sample j. The coefficients $beta_i$ give the log2 fold changes for gene i for each column of the model matrix $X$. The sample-specific size factors can be replaced by gene-specific normalization factors for each sample using normalizationFactors.

For details on the fitting of the log2 fold changes and calculation of p-values, see nbinomWaldTest if using test="Wald", or nbinomLRT if using test="LRT".

Experiments without replicates do not allow for estimation of the dispersion of counts around the expected value for each group, which is critical for differential expression analysis. If an experimental design is supplied which does not contain the necessary degrees of freedom for differential analysis, DESeq will provide a message to the user and follow the strategy outlined in Anders and Huber (2010) under the section 'Working without replicates', wherein all the samples are considered as replicates of a single group for the estimation of dispersion. As noted in the reference above: "Some overestimation of the variance may be expected, which will make that approach conservative." Furthermore, "while one may not want to draw strong conclusions from such an analysis, it may still be useful for exploration and hypothesis generation."

The argument minReplicatesForReplace is used to decide which samples are eligible for automatic replacement in the case of extreme Cook's distance. By default, DESeq will replace outliers if the Cook's distance is large for a sample which has 7 or more replicates (including itself). This replacement is performed by the replaceOutliers function. This default behavior helps to prevent filtering genes based on Cook's distance when there are many degrees of freedom. See results for more information about filtering using Cook's distance, and the 'Dealing with outliers' section of the vignette. Unlike the behavior of replaceOutliers, here original counts are kept in the matrix returned by counts, original Cook's distances are kept in assays(dds)[["cooks"]], and the replacement counts used for fitting are kept in assays(dds)[["replaceCounts"]].

Note that if a log2 fold change prior is used (betaPrior=TRUE) then expanded model matrices will be used in fitting. These are described in nbinomWaldTest and in the vignette. The contrast argument of results should be used for generating results tables.

## References

Michael I Love, Wolfgang Huber, Simon Anders: Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biology 2014, 15:550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8

nbinomWaldTest, nbinomLRT

## Examples

Run this code

# see vignette for suggestions on generating
# count tables from RNA-Seq data
cnts <- matrix(rnbinom(n=1000, mu=100, size=1/0.5), ncol=10)
cond <- factor(rep(1:2, each=5))

# object construction
dds <- DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(cnts, DataFrame(cond), ~ cond)

# standard analysis
dds <- DESeq(dds)
res <- results(dds)

# an alternate analysis: likelihood ratio test
ddsLRT <- DESeq(dds, test="LRT", reduced= ~ 1)
resLRT <- results(ddsLRT)



Run the code above in your browser using DataCamp Workspace