# qda

0th

Percentile

Keywords
multivariate
##### Usage
qda(x, ...)## S3 method for class 'formula':
qda(formula, data, \dots, subset, na.action)## S3 method for class 'default':
qda(x, grouping, prior = proportions,
method, CV = FALSE, nu, \dots)## S3 method for class 'data.frame':
qda(x, \dots)## S3 method for class 'matrix':
qda(x, grouping, \dots, subset, na.action)
##### Arguments
formula
A formula of the form groups ~ x1 + x2 + ... That is, the response is the grouping factor and the right hand side specifies the (non-factor) discriminators.
data
Data frame from which variables specified in formula are preferentially to be taken.
x
(required if no formula is given as the principal argument.) a matrix or data frame or Matrix containing the explanatory variables.
grouping
(required if no formula principal argument is given.) a factor specifying the class for each observation.
prior
the prior probabilities of class membership. If unspecified, the class proportions for the training set are used. If specified, the probabilities should be specified in the order of the factor levels.
subset
An index vector specifying the cases to be used in the training sample. (NOTE: If given, this argument must be named.)
na.action
A function to specify the action to be taken if NAs are found. The default action is for the procedure to fail. An alternative is na.omit, which leads to rejection of cases with missing values on any required variable. (NOTE: If given, this
method
"moment" for standard estimators of the mean and variance, "mle" for MLEs, "mve" to use cov.mve, or "t" for robust estimates based on a t distribution.
CV
If true, returns results (classes and posterior probabilities) for leave-out-out cross-validation. Note that if the prior is estimated, the proportions in the whole dataset are used.
nu
degrees of freedom for method = "t".
...
arguments passed to or from other methods.
##### Details

Uses a QR decomposition which will give an error message if the within-group variance is singular for any group.

##### Value

• an object of class "qda" containing the following components:
• priorthe prior probabilities used.
• meansthe group means.
• scalingfor each group i, scaling[,,i] is an array which transforms observations so that within-groups covariance matrix is spherical.
• ldeta vector of half log determinants of the dispersion matrix.
• levthe levels of the grouping factor.
• terms(if formula is a formula) an object of mode expression and class term summarizing the formula.
• callthe (matched) function call.
• unless CV=TRUE, when the return value is a list with components:
• classThe MAP classification (a factor)
• posteriorposterior probabilities for the classes

##### References

Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer.

Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press.

predict.qda, lda

##### Aliases
• qda
• qda.data.frame
• qda.default
• qda.formula
• qda.matrix
• model.frame.qda
• print.qda
##### Examples
tr <- sample(1:50, 25)
train <- rbind(iris3[tr,,1], iris3[tr,,2], iris3[tr,,3])
test <- rbind(iris3[-tr,,1], iris3[-tr,,2], iris3[-tr,,3])
cl <- factor(c(rep("s",25), rep("c",25), rep("v",25)))
z <- qda(train, cl)
predict(z,test)\$class
Documentation reproduced from package MASS, version 7.3-13, License: GPL-2 | GPL-3

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