sammon
Sammon's Non-Linear Mapping
One form of non-metric multidimensional scaling.
- Keywords
- multivariate
Usage
sammon(d, y = cmdscale(d, k), k = 2, niter = 100, trace = TRUE,
magic = 0.2, tol = 1e-4)Arguments
- d
distance structure of the form returned by
dist, or a full, symmetric matrix. Data are assumed to be dissimilarities or relative distances, but must be positive except for self-distance. This can contain missing values.- y
An initial configuration. If none is supplied,
cmdscaleis used to provide the classical solution. (If there are missing values ind, an initial configuration must be provided.) This must not have duplicates.- k
The dimension of the configuration.
- niter
The maximum number of iterations.
- trace
Logical for tracing optimization. Default
TRUE.- magic
initial value of the step size constant in diagonal Newton method.
- tol
Tolerance for stopping, in units of stress.
Details
This chooses a two-dimensional configuration to minimize the stress, the sum of squared differences between the input distances and those of the configuration, weighted by the distances, the whole sum being divided by the sum of input distances to make the stress scale-free.
An iterative algorithm is used, which will usually converge in around
50 iterations. As this is necessarily an \(O(n^2)\) calculation, it is slow
for large datasets. Further, since the configuration is only determined
up to rotations and reflections (by convention the centroid is at the
origin), the result can vary considerably from machine to machine.
In this release the algorithm has been modified by adding a step-length
search (magic) to ensure that it always goes downhill.
Value
Two components:
A two-column vector of the fitted configuration.
The final stress achieved.
Side Effects
If trace is true, the initial stress and the current stress are printed out every 10 iterations.
References
Sammon, J. W. (1969) A non-linear mapping for data structure analysis. IEEE Trans. Comput., C-18 401--409.
Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press.
Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer.
See Also
Examples
# NOT RUN {
swiss.x <- as.matrix(swiss[, -1])
swiss.sam <- sammon(dist(swiss.x))
plot(swiss.sam$points, type = "n")
text(swiss.sam$points, labels = as.character(1:nrow(swiss.x)))
# }