MILC (version 1.0)

ht_mal_int: Integrating hazard for the onset of th 1st malignant cell

Description

Cumulative hazard for the onset of the first malignant cell between two time points (ages).

Usage

ht_mal_int(lower, upper, g, d, smoking)

Arguments

lower

age (years), lower limit of the integral

upper

age (years), upper limit of the integral

g

gender ("male", or "female")

d

smoking intensity group based on the average number of cigarettes smoked per day

smoking

binary variable indicating whether the person was smoking between ages "lower" and "upper" ("Y"=yes, "N"=no)

Value

Details

Integration from age `lower' to age `upper' of the hazard rate h(t) for the onset of the first malignant cell, as described by the Two-Stage Clonal Expansion (TSCE) carcinogenesis model (see function 'HT_mal' for more details).

References

Moolgavkar, S. H., and Luebeck, G. (1990) Two-event model for carcinogenesis: Biological, mathematical, and statistical considerations. Risk Analysis, 10(2):323-341.

Heidenreich, W. F., Luebeck, E. G. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (1997) Some properties of the hazard function of the two-mutation clonal expansion model. Risk Analysis, 17(3):391-399.

Hazelton, W. D., Clements, M. S. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2005) Multistage carcinogenesis and lung cancer mortality in three cohorts. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 14(5):1171-1181.

Hazelton, W. D., Luebeck, E. G., Heidenreich, W. E. and Moolgavkar, S. H.(2001) Analysis of a historical cohort of chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model. Radiation Research, 156(1):78-94.

Meza, R., Hazelton, W. D., Colditz, G. A. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2008) Analysis of lung cancer incidence in the nurses' health and the health professionals' follow-up studies using a multistage carcinogenesis model. Cancer Causes & Control, 19(3):317-328.

See Also

HT_mal, t_mal

Examples

# The following examples calculate the probability of a man, who on average smokes 
# 30 cigarettes per day, to develop the first malignant cell:
ht_mal_int(0, 50, "male", 30, "Y")	# before the age of 50
ht_mal_int(0, 75, "male", 30, "Y")	# before the age of 75
ht_mal_int(45, 75, "male", 30, "Y")	# between the ages of 45 and 75