MILC (version 1.0)

t_mal: Predict age at the onset of the first malignant cell

Description

Function to predict the age at the onset of the first malignant given gender and smoking history, when relevant.

Usage

t_mal(u, g, ts, tq, d)

Arguments

u

random number required for the prediction

g

gender ("male" or "female")

ts

start smoking age (years)

tq

quit smoking age (years)

d

smoking intensity expressed as average number of cigarettes smoked per day

Value

Details

The age at the onset for the first malignant cell is simulated based on the relevant hazard h(t) described by the TSCE carcinogenesis model (see function 'HT_mal' for more details). Smoking history includes start and quit smoking ages, and smoking intensity expressed as average number of cigarettes smoked per day.

References

Moolgavkar, S. H., and Luebeck, G. (1990) Two-event model for carcinogenesis: Biological, mathematical, and statistical considerations. Risk Analysis, 10(2):323-341.

Heidenreich, W. F., Luebeck, E. G. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (1997) Some properties of the hazard function of the two-mutation clonal expansion model. Risk Analysis, 17(3):391-399.

Hazelton, W. D., Clements, M. S. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2005) Multistage carcinogenesis and lung cancer mortality in three cohorts. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 14(5):1171-1181.

Hazelton, W. D., Luebeck, E. G., Heidenreich, W. E. and Moolgavkar, S. H.(2001) Analysis of a historical cohort of chinese tin miners with arsenic, radon, cigarette smoke, and pipe smoke exposures using the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model. Radiation Research, 156(1):78-94.

Meza, R., Hazelton, W. D., Colditz, G. A. and Moolgavkar, S. H. (2008) Analysis of lung cancer incidence in the nurses' health and the health professionals' follow-up studies using a multistage carcinogenesis model. Cancer Causes & Control, 19(3):317-328.

See Also

HT_mal, ht_mal_int, nat_hist

Examples

# The following examples predict the possible ages at the onset of the first 
# malignant cell of:

set.seed(7461) 	
# a man who has never smoked:
   t_mal(runif(1), "male", NA, NA, NA) 

# a man, current smoker,who started smoking at 20 years:
   t_mal(runif(1), "male", 20, NA, 25)

# a man, former smoker, who started and quit smoking at 20 and 50 years respectively, 
# and used to smoke 25 cigarettes per day on average:
   t_mal(runif(1), "male", 20, 50, 25)