a data.frame with \(p\) columns and \(n\) rows, where \(p\) is the number of stimulus levels and \(n\) is the number of trials. The first column is the resp
, 0 or 1, and the next \(p - 1\) columns correspond to the incidences of the stimulus levels on each trial, 3 or 4 per row, with the signs \(+ - - +\). The column corresponding to the lowest level stimulus is deleted, as its coefficient is contrained to equal 0 in the current parameterization of the problem. Thus, 3 non-zero terms would be of the form \( - - +\), indicating the presence of the lowest level stimulus in the trial.