Log-likelihood gradient with respect to alpha
grad_loglik_alpha(alpha, beta, delta, omega, x)Numeric scalar: estimated gradient (or NA_real_ on invalid input).
Numeric scalar. Stability parameter of the stable distribution (0 < \(\alpha \le 2\)), controlling tail thickness.
Numeric scalar. Skewness parameter of the stable distribution (\(-1 \le \beta \le 1\)).
Numeric scalar. Location parameter of the stable distribution.
Numeric scalar. Scale parameter of the stable distribution (omega > 0).
Numeric vector. Observations at which the integral is computed.