# fill

0th

Percentile

##### Creates a Matrix of Appropriate Dimension

A support function for the argument xij, it generates a matrix of an appropriate dimension.

Keywords
models, regression
##### Usage
fill(x, values = 0, ncolx = ncol(x))
##### Arguments
x

A vector or matrix which is used to determine the dimension of the answer, in particular, the number of rows. After converting x to a matrix if necessary, the answer is a matrix of values values, of dimension nrow(x) by ncolx.

values

Numeric. The answer contains these values, which are recycled columnwise if necessary, i.e., as matrix(values, ..., byrow=TRUE).

ncolx

The number of columns of the returned matrix. The default is the number of columns of x.

##### Details

The xij argument for vglm allows the user to input variables specific to each linear/additive predictor. For example, consider the bivariate logit model where the first/second linear/additive predictor is the logistic regression of the first/second binary response respectively. The third linear/additive predictor is log(OR) = eta3, where OR is the odds ratio. If one has ocular pressure as a covariate in this model then xij is required to handle the ocular pressure for each eye, since these will be different in general. [This contrasts with a variable such as age, the age of the person, which has a common value for both eyes.] In order to input these data into vglm one often finds that functions fill, fill1, etc. are useful.

All terms in the xij and formula arguments in vglm must appear in the form2 argument too.

##### Value

matrix(values, nrow=nrow(x), ncol=ncolx), i.e., a matrix consisting of values values, with the number of rows matching x, and the default number of columns is the number of columns of x.

##### Note

The effect of the xij argument is after other arguments such as exchangeable and zero. Hence xij does not affect constraint matrices.

Additionally, there are currently 3 other identical fill functions, called fill1, fill2 and fill3; if you need more then assign fill4 = fill5 = fill1 etc. The reason for this is that if more than one fill function is needed then they must be unique. For example, if $M=4$ then xij = op ~ lop + rop + fill(mop) + fill(mop) would reduce to xij = op ~ lop + rop + fill(mop), whereas xij = op ~ lop + rop + fill1(mop) + fill2(mop) would retain all $M$ terms, which is needed.

In Examples 1 to 3 below, the xij argument illustrates covariates that are specific to a linear predictor. Here, lop/rop are the ocular pressures of the left/right eye in an artificial dataset, and mop is their mean. Variables leye and reye might be the presence/absence of a particular disease on the LHS/RHS eye respectively.

In Example 3, the xij argument illustrates fitting the (exchangeable) model where there is a common smooth function of the ocular pressure. One should use regression splines since s in vgam does not handle the xij argument. However, regression splines such as bs and ns need to have the same basis functions here for both functions, and Example 3 illustrates a trick involving a function BS to obtain this, e.g., same knots. Although regression splines create more than a single column per term in the model matrix, fill(BS(lop,rop)) creates the required (same) number of columns.

vglm.control, vglm, multinomial, Select.

• fill
• fill1
##### Examples
# NOT RUN {
fill(runif(5))
fill(runif(5), ncol = 3)
fill(runif(5), val = 1, ncol = 3)

# Generate eyes data for the examples below. Eyes are independent (OR=1).
nn <- 1000  # Number of people
eyesdata <- data.frame(lop = round(runif(nn), 2),
rop = round(runif(nn), 2),
age = round(rnorm(nn, 40, 10)))
eyesdata <- transform(eyesdata,
mop = (lop + rop) / 2,        # Mean ocular pressure
op  = (lop + rop) / 2,        # Value unimportant unless plotting
#   op  =  lop,                   # Choose this if plotting
eta1 = 0 - 2*lop + 0.04*age,  # Linear predictor for left eye
eta2 = 0 - 2*rop + 0.04*age)  # Linear predictor for right eye
eyesdata <- transform(eyesdata,
leye = rbinom(nn, size = 1, prob = logit(eta1, inverse = TRUE)),
reye = rbinom(nn, size = 1, prob = logit(eta2, inverse = TRUE)))

# Example 1
# All effects are linear
fit1 <- vglm(cbind(leye,reye) ~ op + age,
family = binom2.or(exchangeable = TRUE, zero = 3),
data = eyesdata, trace = TRUE,
xij = list(op ~ lop + rop + fill(lop)),
form2 =  ~ op + lop + rop + fill(lop) + age)
head(model.matrix(fit1, type = "lm"))   # LM model matrix
head(model.matrix(fit1, type = "vlm"))  # Big VLM model matrix
coef(fit1)
coef(fit1, matrix = TRUE)  # Unchanged with 'xij'
constraints(fit1)
max(abs(predict(fit1)-predict(fit1, new = eyesdata)))  # Predicts correctly
summary(fit1)
# }
# NOT RUN {
plotvgam(fit1, se = TRUE)  # Wrong, e.g., because it plots against op, not lop.
# So set op = lop in the above for a correct plot.
# }
# NOT RUN {

# Example 2
# Model OR as a linear function of mop
fit2 <- vglm(cbind(leye,reye) ~ op + age, data = eyesdata, trace = TRUE,
binom2.or(exchangeable = TRUE, zero = NULL),
xij   = list(op ~ lop + rop + mop),
form2 =    ~ op + lop + rop + mop + age)
head(model.matrix(fit2, type = "lm"))   # LM model matrix
head(model.matrix(fit2, type = "vlm"))  # Big VLM model matrix
coef(fit2)
coef(fit2, matrix = TRUE)  # Unchanged with 'xij'
max(abs(predict(fit2) - predict(fit2, new = eyesdata)))  # Predicts correctly
summary(fit2)
# }
# NOT RUN {
plotvgam(fit2, se = TRUE)  # Wrong because it plots against op, not lop.
# }
# NOT RUN {

# Example 3. This model uses regression splines on ocular pressure.
# It uses a trick to ensure common basis functions.
BS <- function(x, ...)
sm.bs(c(x,...), df = 3)[1:length(x), , drop = FALSE]  # trick

fit3 <- vglm(cbind(leye,reye) ~ BS(lop,rop) + age,
family = binom2.or(exchangeable = TRUE, zero = 3),
data = eyesdata, trace = TRUE,
xij = list(BS(lop,rop) ~ BS(lop,rop) +
BS(rop,lop) +
fill(BS(lop,rop))),
form2 = ~  BS(lop,rop) + BS(rop,lop) + fill(BS(lop,rop)) +
lop + rop + age)
head(model.matrix(fit3, type =  "lm"))  # LM model matrix
head(model.matrix(fit3, type = "vlm"))  # Big VLM model matrix
coef(fit3)
coef(fit3, matrix = TRUE)
summary(fit3)
fit3@smart.prediction
max(abs(predict(fit3) - predict(fit3, new = eyesdata)))  # Predicts correctly
predict(fit3, new = head(eyesdata))  # Note the 'scalar' OR, i.e., zero=3
predict(fit3, new = head(eyesdata))))  # Should be 0
# }
# NOT RUN {
plotvgam(fit3, se = TRUE, xlab = "lop")  # Correct
# }
# NOT RUN {

# Example 4. Capture-recapture model with ephemeral and enduring
# memory effects. Similar to Yang and Chao (2005), Biometrics.
deermice <- transform(deermice, Lag1 = y1)
M.tbh.lag1 <-
vglm(cbind(y1, y2, y3, y4, y5, y6) ~ sex + weight + Lag1,
posbernoulli.tb(parallel.t = FALSE ~ 0,
parallel.b = FALSE ~ 0,
drop.b = FALSE ~ 1),
xij = list(Lag1 ~ fill(y1) + fill(y2) + fill(y3) + fill(y4) +
fill(y5) + fill(y6) +
y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5),
form2 = ~ sex + weight + Lag1 +
fill(y1) + fill(y2) + fill(y3) + fill(y4) +
fill(y5) + fill(y6) +
y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6,
data = deermice, trace = TRUE)
coef(M.tbh.lag1)
# }

Documentation reproduced from package VGAM, version 1.0-4, License: GPL-3

### Community examples

Looks like there are no examples yet.