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VGAM (version 1.1-14)

wald.stat: Wald Test Statistics Evaluated at the Null Values

Description

Generic function that computes Wald test statistics evaluated at the null values (consequently they do not suffer from the Hauck-Donner effect).

Usage

wald.stat(object, ...)
wald.stat.vlm(object, values0 = 0, subset = NULL, omit1s = TRUE,
          all.out = FALSE, orig.SE = FALSE, iterate.SE = TRUE,
          trace = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

Value

By default the signed square root of the Wald statistics whose SEs are computed at one each of the null values. If all.out = TRUE then a list is returned with the following components:

wald.stat the Wald statistic,

SE0 the standard error of that coefficient,

values0 the null values. Approximately, the default Wald statistics output are standard normal random variates if each null hypothesis is true.

Altogether, by the four combinations of iterate.SE and orig.SE, there are three different variants of the Wald statistic that can be returned.

Details

By default, summaryvglm and most regression modelling functions such as summary.glm compute all the standard errors (SEs) of the estimates at the MLE and not at 0. This corresponds to orig.SE = TRUE and it is vulnerable to the Hauck-Donner effect (HDE; see hdeff). One solution is to compute the SEs at 0 (or more generally, at the values of the argument values0). This function does that. The two variants of Wald statistics are asymptotically equivalent; however in small samples there can be an appreciable difference, and the difference can be large if the estimates are near to the boundary of the parameter space.

None of the tests here are joint, hence the degrees of freedom is always unity. For a factor with more than 2 levels one can use anova.vglm to test for the significance of the factor. If orig.SE = FALSE and iterate.SE = FALSE then one retains the MLEs of the original fit for the values of the other coefficients, and replaces one coefficient at a time by the value 0 (or whatever specified by values0). One alternative would be to recompute the MLEs of the other coefficients after replacing one of the values; this is the default because iterate.SE = TRUE and orig.SE = FALSE. Just like with the original IRLS iterations, the iterations here are not guaranteed to converge.

Almost all VGAM family functions use the EIM and not the OIM; this affects the resulting standard errors. Also, regularity conditions are assumed for the Wald, likelihood ratio and score tests; some VGAM family functions such as alaplace1 are experimental and do not satisfy such conditions, therefore naive inference is hazardous.

The default output of this function can be seen by setting wald0.arg = TRUE in summaryvglm.

References

Laskar, M. R. and M. L. King (1997). Modified Wald test for regression disturbances. Economics Letters, 56, 5--11.

Goh, K.-L. and M. L. King (1999). A correction for local biasedness of the Wald and null Wald tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61, 435--450.

See Also

lrt.stat, score.stat, summaryvglm, summary.glm, anova.vglm, vglm, hdeff, hdeffsev.

Examples

Run this code
set.seed(1)
pneumo <- transform(pneumo, let = log(exposure.time),
                            x3 = rnorm(nrow(pneumo)))
(fit <- vglm(cbind(normal, mild, severe) ~ let + x3, propodds, pneumo))
wald.stat(fit)  # No HDE here
summary(fit, wald0 = TRUE)  # See them here
coef(summary(fit))  # Usual Wald statistics evaluated at the MLE
wald.stat(fit, orig.SE = TRUE)  # Same as previous line

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