# bd.ext

From ape v2.1-1
0th

Percentile

##### Extended Version of the Birth-Death Models to Estimate Speciation and Extinction Rates

This function fits by maximum likelihood a birth-death model to the combined phylogenetic and taxonomic data of a given clade. The phylogenetic data are given by a tree, and the taxonomic data by the number of species for the its tips.

Keywords
models
##### Usage
bd.ext(phy, S)
##### Arguments
phy
an object of class "phylo".
S
a numeric vector giving the number of species for each tip.
##### Details

A re-parametrization of the birth-death model studied by Kendall (1948) so that the likelihood has to be maximized over d/b and b - d, where b is the birth rate, and d the death rate.

The standard-errors of the estimated parameters are computed using a normal approximation of the maximum likelihood estimates.

If the argument S has names, then they are matched to the tip labels of phy. The user must be careful here since the function requires that both series of names perfectly match, so this operation may fail if there is a typing or syntax error. If both series of names do not match, the values S are taken to be in the same order than the tip labels of phy, and a warning message is issued.

Note that the function does not check that the tree is effectively ultrametric, so if it is not, the returned result may not be meaningful.

##### References

Paradis, E. (2003) Analysis of diversification: combining phylogenetic and taxonomic data. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 270, 2499--2505.

birthdeath, branching.times, diversi.gof, diversi.time, ltt.plot, yule, yule.cov

• bd.ext
##### Examples
### An example from Paradis (2003) using the avian orders:
data(bird.orders)
### Number of species in each order from Sibley and Monroe (1990):
S <- c(10, 47, 69, 214, 161, 17, 355, 51, 56, 10, 39, 152,
6, 143, 358, 103, 319, 23, 291, 313, 196, 1027, 5712)
bd.ext(bird.orders, S)
Documentation reproduced from package ape, version 2.1-1, License: GPL (>= 2)

### Community examples

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