ape (version 5.8)

dnds: dN/dS Ratio

Description

This function computes the pairwise ratios dN/dS for a set of aligned DNA sequences using Li's (1993) method.

Usage

dnds(x, code = 1, codonstart = 1, quiet = FALSE,
     details = FALSE, return.categories = FALSE)

Value

an object of class "dist", or a numeric matrix if

return.categories = TRUE.

Arguments

x

an object of class "DNAbin" (matrix or list) with the aligned sequences.

code

an integer value giving the genetic code to be used. Currently, the codes 1 to 6 are supported.

codonstart

an integer giving where to start the translation. This should be 1, 2, or 3, but larger values are accepted and have for effect to start the translation further within the sequence.

quiet

single logical value: whether to indicate progress of calculations.

details

single logical value (see details).

return.categories

a logical value: if TRUE, a matrix of the same size than x is returned giving the degeneracy category of each base in the original alignment.

Author

Emmanuel Paradis

Details

Since ape 5.6, the degeneracy of each codon is calculated directly from the genetic code using the function trans. A consequence is that ambiguous bases are ignored (see solveAmbiguousBases).

If details = TRUE, a table is printed for each pair of sequences giving the numbers of transitions and transversions for each category of degeneracy (nondegenerate, twofold, and fourfold). This is helpful when non-meaningful values are returned (e.g., NaN, Inf, negative values).

References

Li, W.-H. (1993) Unbiased estimation of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 36, 96--99.

See Also

AAbin, trans, alview, solveAmbiguousBases

Examples

data(woodmouse)
res <- dnds(woodmouse, quiet = TRUE) # NOT correct
res2 <- dnds(woodmouse, code = 2, quiet = TRUE) # using the correct code
identical(res, res2) # FALSE...
cor(res, res2) # ... but very close
## There a few N's in the woodmouse data, but this does not affect
## greatly the results:
res3 <- dnds(solveAmbiguousBases(woodmouse), code = 2, quiet = TRUE)
cor(res, res3)

## a simple example showing the usefulness of 'details = TRUE'
X <- as.DNAbin(matrix(c("C", "A", "G", "G", "T", "T"), 2, 3))
alview(X)
dnds(X, quiet = TRUE) # NaN
dnds(X, details = TRUE) # only a TV at a nondegenerate site