# Round

0th

Percentile

##### Rounding of Numbers

ceiling takes a single numeric argument x and returns a numeric vector containing the smallest integers not less than the corresponding elements of x.

floor takes a single numeric argument x and returns a numeric vector containing the largest integers not greater than the corresponding elements of x.

trunc takes a single numeric argument x and returns a numeric vector containing the integers formed by truncating the values in x toward 0.

round rounds the values in its first argument to the specified number of decimal places (default 0).

signif rounds the values in its first argument to the specified number of significant digits.

Keywords
arith
##### Usage
ceiling(x)
floor(x)
trunc(x, ...)
round(x, digits = 0)
signif(x, digits = 6)
##### Arguments
x
a numeric vector. Or, for round and signif, a complex vector.
digits
integer indicating the number of decimal places (round) or significant digits (signif) to be used. Negative values are allowed (see ‘Details’).
...
arguments to be passed to methods.
##### Details

These are generic functions: methods can be defined for them individually or via the Math group generic.

Note that for rounding off a 5, the IEC 60559 standard is expected to be used, ‘go to the even digit’. Therefore round(0.5) is 0 and round(-1.5) is -2. However, this is dependent on OS services and on representation error (since e.g. 0.15 is not represented exactly, the rounding rule applies to the represented number and not to the printed number, and so round(0.15, 1) could be either 0.1 or 0.2).

Rounding to a negative number of digits means rounding to a power of ten, so for example round(x, digits = -2) rounds to the nearest hundred.

For signif the recognized values of digits are 1...22, and non-missing values are rounded to the nearest integer in that range. Complex numbers are rounded to retain the specified number of digits in the larger of the components. Each element of the vector is rounded individually, unlike printing.

These are all primitive functions.

##### S4 methods

These are all (internally) S4 generic. ceiling, floor and trunc are members of the Math group generic. As an S4 generic, trunc has only one argument. round and signif are members of the Math2 group generic.

##### References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

as.integer.

• ceiling
• floor
• round
• signif
• trunc
##### Examples
library(base) round(.5 + -2:4) # IEEE rounding: -2 0 0 2 2 4 4 ( x1 <- seq(-2, 4, by = .5) ) round(x1) #-- IEEE rounding ! x1[trunc(x1) != floor(x1)] x1[round(x1) != floor(x1 + .5)] (non.int <- ceiling(x1) != floor(x1)) x2 <- pi * 100^(-1:3) round(x2, 3) signif(x2, 3) 
Documentation reproduced from package base, version 3.0.3, License: Part of R 3.0.3

### Community examples

dtuers at Jun 27, 2020 base v3.6.2

randVec <- rnorm(10,0,1) randVec roundVec <- round(randVec, 2) roundVec