bayesRecon (version 1.0.2)

Mixed_reconciliation: Probabilistic forecast reconciliation of mixed hierarchies

Description

reconc_MixCond() uses importance sampling to draw samples from the reconciled forecast distribution, obtained via conditioning, in the case of a mixed hierarchy.

reconc_TDcond() uses a top-down conditioning algorithm: first, upper base forecasts are reconciled via conditioning using only the hierarchical constraints between the upper; then, the bottom distributions are updated via a probabilistic top-down procedure.

Usage

reconc_MixCond(
  A,
  base_fc_bottom,
  base_fc_upper,
  bottom_in_type = "pmf",
  distr = NULL,
  num_samples = 20000,
  return_type = "pmf",
  return_upper = TRUE,
  suppress_warnings = FALSE,
  seed = NULL
)
reconc_TDcond(
  A,
  base_fc_bottom,
  base_fc_upper,
  bottom_in_type = "pmf",
  distr = NULL,
  num_samples = 20000,
  return_type = "pmf",
  return_upper = TRUE,
  suppress_warnings = TRUE,
  seed = NULL
)

Value

A list containing the reconciled forecasts. The list has the following named elements:

• bottom_rec_pmf: a list of PMF objects for each bottom series (only if return_type is 'pmf' or 'all');

• bottom_rec_samples: a matrix (n_bottom x num_samples) of reconciled bottom samples (only if return_type is 'samples' or 'all');

• upper_rec_pmf: a list of PMF objects for each upper series (only if return_type is 'pmf' or 'all', and return_upper = TRUE);

• upper_rec_samples: a matrix (n_upper x num_samples) of reconciled upper samples (only if return_type is 'samples' or 'all', and return_upper = TRUE).

Arguments

A

Aggregation matrix (n_upper x n_bottom).

base_fc_bottom

A list containing the bottom base forecasts, see details.

base_fc_upper

A list containing the upper base forecasts, see details.

bottom_in_type

A string with three possible values:

• 'pmf' if the bottom base forecasts are in the form of pmf, see details;

• 'samples' if the bottom base forecasts are in the form of samples;

• 'params' if the bottom base forecasts are in the form of estimated parameters.

distr

A string describing the type of bottom base forecasts ('poisson' or 'nbinom').

This is only used if bottom_in_type='params'.

num_samples

Number of samples drawn from the reconciled distribution. This is ignored if bottom_in_type='samples'; in this case, the number of reconciled samples is equal to the number of samples of the base forecasts.

return_type

The return type of the reconciled distributions. A string with three possible values:

• 'pmf' returns a list containing the reconciled marginal pmf objects;

• 'samples' returns a list containing the reconciled multivariate samples;

• 'all' returns a list with both pmf objects and samples.

return_upper

Logical, whether to return the reconciled parameters for the upper variables (default is TRUE).

suppress_warnings

Logical. If TRUE, no warnings about samples are triggered; if FALSE, warnings are generated. Default is FALSE for reconc_MixCond and TRUE for reconc_TDcond. See the respective sections above.

seed

Seed for reproducibility.

Details

The base bottom forecasts base_fc_bottom must be a list of length n_bottom, where each element is either

• a PMF object (see details below), if bottom_in_type='pmf';

• a vector of samples, if bottom_in_type='samples';

• a list of parameters, if bottom_in_type='params':

  • lambda for the Poisson base forecast if distr='poisson', see Poisson;

  • size and prob (or mu) for the negative binomial base forecast if distr='nbinom', see NegBinomial.

The base upper forecasts base_fc_upper must be a list containing the parameters of the multivariate Gaussian distribution of the upper forecasts. The list must contain only the named elements mean (vector of length n_upper) and cov (n_upper x n_upper matrix).

The order of the upper and bottom base forecasts must match the order of (respectively) the rows and the columns of A.

A PMF object is a numerical vector containing the probability mass function of a discrete distribution. Each element corresponds to the probability of the integers from 0 to the last value of the support. See also PMF for functions that handle PMF objects.

Warnings and errors.

In reconc_MixCond, warnings are triggered from the importance sampling step if:

• weights are all zeros, then the upper forecast is ignored during reconciliation;

• the effective sample size is < 200;

• the effective sample size is < 1% of the sample size.

These warnings are an indication that the base forecasts might have issues. Please check the base forecasts in case of warnings.

In reconc_TDcond, if some of the reconciled upper samples lie outside the support of the bottom-up distribution, those samples are discarded; the remaining ones are resampled with replacement, so that the number of output samples is equal to num_samples. In this case, a warning is issued if suppress_warnings=FALSE (default is TRUE). If the fraction of discarded samples is above 50%, the function returns an error.

References

Zambon, L., Azzimonti, D., Rubattu, N., Corani, G. (2024). Probabilistic reconciliation of mixed-type hierarchical time series. Proceedings of the Fortieth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, PMLR 244:4078-4095. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v244/zambon24a.html.

See Also

reconc_BUIS(), reconc_gaussian(), PMF

Examples

library(bayesRecon)

# Consider a simple hierarchy with two bottom and one upper
A <- matrix(c(1, 1), nrow = 1)
# The bottom forecasts are Poisson with lambda=15
lambda <- 15
n_tot <- 60
base_fc_bottom <- list()
base_fc_bottom[[1]] <- apply(matrix(seq(0, n_tot)), MARGIN = 1,
                             FUN = \(x) dpois(x, lambda = lambda))
base_fc_bottom[[2]] <- apply(matrix(seq(0, n_tot)), MARGIN = 1,
                             FUN = \(x) dpois(x, lambda = lambda))

# The upper forecast is a Normal with mean 40 and std 5
base_fc_upper <- list(mean = 40, cov = matrix(5^2))

# Reconcile with reconc_MixCond
res.mixCond <- reconc_MixCond(A, base_fc_bottom, base_fc_upper)

# Note that the bottom distributions are slightly shifted to the right
PMF_summary(res.mixCond$bottom_rec_pmf[[1]])
PMF_summary(base_fc_bottom[[1]])

PMF_summary(res.mixCond$bottom_rec_pmf[[2]])
PMF_summary(base_fc_bottom[[2]])

# The upper distribution is slightly shifted to the left
PMF_summary(res.mixCond$upper_rec_pmf[[1]])
PMF_get_var(res.mixCond$upper_rec_pmf[[1]])


library(bayesRecon)

# Consider a simple hierarchy with two bottom and one upper
A <- matrix(c(1, 1), nrow = 1)
# The bottom forecasts are Poisson with lambda=15
lambda <- 15
n_tot <- 60
base_fc_bottom <- list()
base_fc_bottom[[1]] <- apply(matrix(seq(0, n_tot)), MARGIN = 1,
                             FUN = \(x) dpois(x, lambda = lambda))
base_fc_bottom[[2]] <- apply(matrix(seq(0, n_tot)), MARGIN = 1,
                             FUN = \(x) dpois(x, lambda = lambda))

# The upper forecast is a Normal with mean 40 and std 5
base_fc_upper <- list(mean = 40, cov = matrix(c(5^2)))

# Reconcile with reconc_TDcond
res.TDcond <- reconc_TDcond(A, base_fc_bottom, base_fc_upper)

# Note that the bottom distributions are shifted to the right
PMF_summary(res.TDcond$bottom_rec_pmf[[1]])
PMF_summary(base_fc_bottom[[1]])

PMF_summary(res.TDcond$bottom_rec_pmf[[2]])
PMF_summary(base_fc_bottom[[2]])

# The upper distribution remains similar
PMF_summary(res.TDcond$upper_rec_pmf[[1]])
PMF_get_var(res.TDcond$upper_rec_pmf[[1]])

## Example 2: reconciliation with unbalanced hierarchy
# We consider the example in Fig. 9 of Zambon et al. (2024).

# The hierarchy has 5 bottoms and 3 uppers
A <- matrix(c(
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 0
), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
# Note that the 5th bottom only appears in the highest level, this is an unbalanced hierarchy.
n_upper <- nrow(A)
n_bottom <- ncol(A)

# The bottom forecasts are Poisson with lambda=15
lambda <- 15
n_tot <- 60
base_fc_bottom <- list()
for (i in seq(n_bottom)) {
  base_fc_bottom[[i]] <- apply(matrix(seq(0, n_tot)), MARGIN = 1,
                               FUN = \(x) dpois(x, lambda = lambda))
}

# The upper forecasts are a multivariate Gaussian
mean <- c(75, 30, 30)
cov <- matrix(c(
  5^2, 5, 5,
  5, 10, 0,
  5, 0, 10
), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)

base_fc_upper <- list(mean = mean, cov = cov)
if (FALSE) {
# If we reconcile with reconc_TDcond it won't work (unbalanced hierarchy)
res.TDcond <- reconc_TDcond(A, base_fc_bottom, base_fc_upper)
}

# We can balance the hierarchy by duplicating the node b5:
# i) consider the time series observations for b5 as the upper u4,
# ii) fit the multivariate ts model for u1, u2, u3, u4.

# In this example we simply assume that the forecast for u1-u4 is
# Gaussian with the mean and variance of u4 given by the parameters in b5.
mean_b5 <- lambda
var_b5 <- lambda
mean <- c(75, 30, 30, mean_b5)
cov <- matrix(c(
  5^2, 5, 5, 5,
  5, 10, 0, 0,
  5, 0, 10, 0,
  5, 0, 0, var_b5
), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE)
base_fc_upper <- list(mean = mean, cov = cov)

# We also need to update the aggregation matrix
A <- matrix(c(
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
  0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1
), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE)

# We can now reconcile with TDcond
res.TDcond <- reconc_TDcond(A, base_fc_bottom, base_fc_upper)

# Note that the reconciled distribution of b5 and u4 are identical,
# keep this in mind when using the results of your reconciliation!
max(abs(res.TDcond$bottom_rec_pmf[[5]] - res.TDcond$upper_rec_pmf[[4]]))