cito (version 1.1)

ALE: Accumulated Local Effect Plot (ALE)

Description

Performs an ALE for one or more features.

Usage

ALE(
  model,
  variable = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  K = 10,
  ALE_type = c("equidistant", "quantile"),
  plot = TRUE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  ...
)
# S3 method for citodnn
ALE(
  model,
  variable = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  K = 10,
  ALE_type = c("equidistant", "quantile"),
  plot = TRUE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  ...
)
# S3 method for citodnnBootstrap
ALE(
  model,
  variable = NULL,
  data = NULL,
  K = 10,
  ALE_type = c("equidistant", "quantile"),
  plot = TRUE,
  parallel = FALSE,
  ...
)

Value

A list of plots made with 'ggplot2' consisting of an individual plot for each defined variable.

Arguments

model

a model created by dnn

variable

variable as string for which the PDP should be done

data

data on which ALE is performed on, if NULL training data will be used.

K

number of neighborhoods original feature space gets divided into

ALE_type

method on how the feature space is divided into neighborhoods.

plot

plot ALE or not

parallel

parallelize over bootstrap models or not

...

arguments passed to predict

Explanation

Accumulated Local Effect plots (ALE) quantify how the predictions change when the features change. They are similar to partial dependency plots but are more robust to feature collinearity.

Mathematical details

If the defined variable is a numeric feature, the ALE is performed. Here, the non centered effect for feature j with k equally distant neighborhoods is defined as:

\( \hat{\tilde{f}}_{j,ALE}(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{k_j(x)}\frac{1}{n_j(k)}\sum_{i:x_{j}^{(i)}\in{}N_j(k)}\left[\hat{f}(z_{k,j},x^{(i)}_{\setminus{}j})-\hat{f}(z_{k-1,j},x^{(i)}_{\setminus{}j})\right]\)

Where \(N_j(k)\) is the k-th neighborhood and \(n_j(k)\) is the number of observations in the k-th neighborhood.

The last part of the equation, \(\left[\hat{f}(z_{k,j},x^{(i)}_{\setminus{}j})-\hat{f}(z_{k-1,j},x^{(i)}_{\setminus{}j})\right]\) represents the difference in model prediction when the value of feature j is exchanged with the upper and lower border of the current neighborhood.

See Also

PDP

Examples

# \donttest{
if(torch::torch_is_installed()){
library(cito)

# Build and train  Network
nn.fit<- dnn(Sepal.Length~., data = datasets::iris)

ALE(nn.fit, variable = "Petal.Length")
}
# }