# concurve v1.0.5

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## Computes and Plots Confidence (Compatibility) Intervals, P-Values, and S-Values to Form Consonance Curves (Functions)

Allows one to compute confidence (compatibility/consonance) intervals for various statistical tests along with their corresponding P-values and S-values. The intervals can be plotted to create consonance functions allowing one to see what effect sizes are compatible with the test model at various compatibility levels rather than being limited to one interval estimate such as 95%. These methods are discussed by Poole C. (1987) <doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.2.195>, Schweder T, Hjort NL. (2002) <doi:10.1111/1467-9469.00285>, Singh K, Xie M, Strawderman WE. (2007) <arXiv:0708.0976>, Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. (2008, ISBN:9781451190052), Amrhein V, Trafimow D, Greenland S. (2019) <doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1543137>, and Greenland S. (2019) <doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1529625>.

# Plot Interval Functions with the Concurve Package

## A Single Interval Isn’t Enough

Interval estimates such as confidence compatibility/consonance intervals are now widely reported in many journals alongside the exact P-value of a statistical test and point estimate.

While this is a large improvement over what constituted statistical reporting in the past two decades, it is still largely inadequate.

Take for example, the 95% compatibility interval. As many have stated before, there is nothing special about 95%, yet we rarely see intervals of any other level. Choosing to compute a 95% interval is as mindless as choosing a 5% alpha level for hypothesis testing. A single compatibility interval is only a slice of a wide range of compatibility intervals at different levels. Reporting 95% intervals only promotes cargo-cult statistics since there is not much thought behind the choice. (1)

Cargo-cult statisticsthe ritualistic miming of statistics rather than conscientious practice.” - Stark & Saltelli, 2018

Thus, we propose that instead of only calculating one interval estimate, every interval associated with a compatibility level be calculated, along with its corresponding P-value and S-value, and plotted to form a function. (2-8)

This can be accomplished using the concurve package in R.

## Install the Package from CRAN

install.packages("concurve")


## Install the Developer Version

library(devtools)


## Check out the Articles to See the Package in Action.

"Statistical software enables and promotes cargo-cult statistics. Marketing and adoption of statistical software are driven by ease of use and the range of statistical routines the software implements. Offering complex and “modern” methods provides a competitive advantage. And some disciplines have in effect standardised on particular statistical software, often proprietary software.

Statistical software does not help you know what to compute, nor how to interpret the result. It does not offer to explain the assumptions behind methods, nor does it flag delicate or dubious assumptions. It does not warn you about multiplicity or p-hacking. It does not check whether you picked the hypothesis or analysis after looking at the data, nor track the number of analyses you tried before arriving at the one you sought to publish – another form of multiplicity. The more “powerful” and “user-friendly” the software is, the more it invites cargo-cult statistics." - Stark & Saltelli, 2018

# References

1. Stark PB, Saltelli A. Cargo-cult statistics and scientific crisis. Significance. 2018;15(4):40-43.
2. Poole C. Beyond the confidence interval. Am J Public Health. 1987;77(2):195-199.
3. Sullivan KM, Foster DA. Use of the confidence interval function. Epidemiology. 1990;1(1):39-42.
4. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. 2012.
5. Singh K, Xie M, Strawderman WE. Confidence distribution (CD) – distribution estimator of a parameter. arXiv [mathST]. 2007.
6. Schweder T, Hjort NL. Confidence and Likelihood*. Scand J Stat. 2002;29(2):309-332.
7. Amrhein V, Trafimow D, Greenland S. Inferential Statistics as Descriptive Statistics: There is No Replication Crisis if We Don’t Expect Replication. Am Stat. 2018
8. Greenland S. Valid P-values Behave Exactly As They Should. Some misleading criticisms of P-values and their resolution with S-values. Am Stat. 2018;18(136).

## Functions in concurve

 Name Description plotsint Plot the S-Value Function metaintervals Produce Compatibility Intervals for Meta-Analysis Data plotpint Plot the P-Value Function genintervals Produce Compatibility Intervals for Linear Models meanintervals Produce Compatibility Intervals for Mean Differences No Results!

## Vignettes of concurve

 Name figures/dotplot.svg figures/function1.png figures/function2.png figures/function3.png figures/function4.png figures/function5.png figures/function6.png figures/likelihood.svg figures/logo.png figures/logo.svg figures/meta-analysis.svg examples.Rmd No Results!