countSTAR (version 1.2.0)

spline_star: Posterior and predictive inference for Bayesian STAR splines

Description

Compute samples from the posterior and predictive distributions of a STAR spline regression model using either a Gibbs sampling approach or exact Monte Carlo sampling. Cubic B-splines are used with a prior that penalizes roughness.

Usage

spline_star(
  y,
  x = NULL,
  x_test = NULL,
  transformation = "bnp",
  y_max = Inf,
  psi = NULL,
  nbasis = NULL,
  use_MCMC = TRUE,
  nsave = 1000,
  nburn = 1000,
  nskip = 0,
  alpha = 1,
  F0 = NULL,
  verbose = TRUE
)

Value

a list with the following elements:

• coefficients: the posterior mean of the spline coefficients

• fitted.values the posterior predictive mean at the test points x_test

• post.beta: nsave x p samples from the posterior distribution of the regression coefficients

• post.pred: nsave x n_test samples from the posterior predictive distribution at x_test

• post.psi: nsave draws from the prior variance (inverse smoothing) psi

• marg_like: the marginal likelihood (only if use_MCMC=FALSE; otherwise NULL)

Arguments

y

n x 1 vector of observed counts

x

n x 1 vector of observation points; if NULL, assume equally-spaced on [0,1]

x_test

n_test x 1 vector of testing points; default is x

transformation

transformation to use for the latent data; must be one of

• "identity" (identity transformation)

• "log" (log transformation)

• "sqrt" (square root transformation)

• "np" (nonparametric transformation estimated from empirical CDF)

• "pois" (transformation for moment-matched marginal Poisson CDF)

• "neg-bin" (transformation for moment-matched marginal Negative Binomial CDF)

• "box-cox" (box-cox transformation with learned parameter)

• "bnp" (Bayesian nonparametric transformation)

y_max

a fixed and known upper bound for all observations; default is Inf

psi

prior variance (1/smoothing parameter); if NULL, sample this parameter

nbasis

number of spline basis functions; if NULL, use the default from spikeSlabGAM::sm

use_MCMC

logical; whether to run Gibbs sampler or Monte Carlo (default is TRUE)

nsave

number of MC(MC) iterations to save

nburn

number of MCMC iterations to discard

nskip

number of MCMC iterations to skip between saving iterations, i.e., save every (nskip + 1)th draw

alpha

prior precision for the Dirichlet Process prior ('bnp' transformation only); default is one

F0

function to evaluate the base measure CDF supported on {0,...,y_max} ('bnp' transformation only)

verbose

logical; if TRUE, print time remaining

Details

STAR defines a count-valued probability model by (1) specifying a Gaussian model for continuous *latent* data and (2) connecting the latent data to the observed data via a *transformation and rounding* operation. Here, the continuous latent data model is a spline regression.

There are several options for the transformation. First, the transformation can belong to the *Box-Cox* family, which includes the known transformations 'identity', 'log', and 'sqrt', as well as a version in which the Box-Cox parameter is inferred within the MCMC sampler ('box-cox').

Second, the transformation can be estimated (before model fitting) using the the data y. Options in this case include the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF), which is fully nonparametric ('np'), or the parametric alternatives based on Poisson ('pois') or Negative-Binomial ('neg-bin') distributions. For the parametric distributions, the parameters of the distribution are estimated using moments (means and variances) of y.

Lastly, the transformation can be modeled nonparametrically using Bayesian nonparametrics via Dirichlet processes ('bnp'). The 'bnp' option is the default because it is highly flexible, accounts for uncertainty when the transformation is unknown, and is computationally efficient.

The Monte Carlo sampler (use_MCMC=FALSE) produces direct, joint draws from the posterior predictive distribution. When n is moderate to large, MCMC sampling (use_MCMC=TRUE) is much faster and more convenient.

Examples

# Simulate some data:
n = 100
x = seq(0,1, length.out = n)
y = round_floor(exp(1 + rnorm(n)/4 + poly(x, 4)%*%rnorm(n=4, sd = 4:1)))

# Sample from the predictive distribution of a STAR spline model:
fit = spline_star(y = y, x = x)

# Compute 90% prediction intervals:
pi_y = t(apply(fit$post.pred, 2, quantile, c(0.05, .95)))

# Plot the results: intervals, median, and smoothed mean
plot(x, y, ylim = range(pi_y, y))
polygon(c(x, rev(x)),c(pi_y[,2], rev(pi_y[,1])),col='gray', border=NA)
lines(x, apply(fit$post.pred, 2, median), lwd=5, col ='black')
lines(x, smooth.spline(x, apply(fit$post.pred, 2, mean))$y, lwd=5, col='blue')
lines(x, y, type='p')