Desctable

Introduction

Desctable is a comprehensive descriptive and comparative tables generator for R.

Every person doing data analysis has to create tables for descriptive summaries of data (a.k.a. Table.1), or comparative tables.

Many packages, such as the aptly named tableone, address this issue. However, they often include hard-coded behaviors, have outputs not easily manipulable with standard R tools, or their syntax are out-of-style (e.g. the argument order makes them difficult to use with the pipe (%>%)).

Enter desctable, a package built with the following objectives in mind:

• generate descriptive and comparative statistics tables with nesting
• keep the syntax as simple as possible
• have good reasonable defaults
• be entirely customizable, using standard R tools and functions
• produce the simplest (as a data structure) output possible
• provide helpers for different outputs
• integrate with “modern” R usage, and the tidyverse set of tools
• apply functional paradigms

Installation

Install from CRAN with

install.packages("desctable")

or install the development version from github with

devtools::install_github("maximewack/desctable")

Loading

library(desctable)

It is recommended to read this manual through its vignette:

vignette("desctable")

Descriptive tables

Simple usage

desctable uses and exports the pipe (%>%) operator (from packages magrittr and dplyr fame), though it is not mandatory to use it.

The single interface to the package is its eponymous desctable function.

When used on a data.frame, it returns a descriptive table:

iris %>%
  desctable()

##                         N        %     Mean        sd  Med IQR
## 1        Sepal.Length 150       NA       NA        NA 5.80 1.3
## 2         Sepal.Width 150       NA 3.057333 0.4358663 3.00 0.5
## 3        Petal.Length 150       NA       NA        NA 4.35 3.5
## 4         Petal.Width 150       NA       NA        NA 1.30 1.5
## 5             Species 150       NA       NA        NA   NA  NA
## 6     Species: setosa  50 33.33333       NA        NA   NA  NA
## 7 Species: versicolor  50 33.33333       NA        NA   NA  NA
## 8  Species: virginica  50 33.33333       NA        NA   NA  NA

desctable(mtcars)

##          N      Mean        sd     Med       IQR
## 1   mpg 32 20.090625 6.0269481  19.200   7.37500
## 2   cyl 32        NA        NA   6.000   4.00000
## 3  disp 32        NA        NA 196.300 205.17500
## 4    hp 32        NA        NA 123.000  83.50000
## 5  drat 32  3.596563 0.5346787   3.695   0.84000
## 6    wt 32        NA        NA   3.325   1.02875
## 7  qsec 32 17.848750 1.7869432  17.710   2.00750
## 8    vs 32        NA        NA   0.000   1.00000
## 9    am 32        NA        NA   0.000   1.00000
## 10 gear 32        NA        NA   4.000   1.00000
## 11 carb 32        NA        NA   2.000   2.00000

As you can see with these two examples, desctable describes every variable, with individual levels for factors. It picks statistical functions depending on the type and distribution of the variables in the data, and applies those statistical functions only on the relevant variables.

Output

The object produced by desctable is in fact a list of data.frames, with a “desctable” class.
Methods for reduction to a simple dataframe (as.data.frame, automatically used for printing), conversion to markdown (pander), and interactive html output with DT (datatable) are provided:

iris %>%
  desctable() %>%
  pander()

Calls to pander and datatable with “regular” dataframes will not be affected by the defaults used in the package, and you can modify these defaults for desctable objects.

The datatable wrapper function for desctable objects comes with some default options and formatting such as freezing the row names and table header, export buttons, and rounding of values. Both pander and datatable wrapper take a digits argument to set the number of decimals to show. (pander uses the digits, justify and missing arguments of pandoc.table, whereas datatable calls prettyNum with the digits parameter, and removes NA values. You can set digits = NULL if you want the full table and format it yourself)

Advanced usage

desctable chooses statistical functions for you using this algorithm:

• always show N
• if there are factors, show %
• if there are normally distributed variables, show Mean and SD
• if there are non-normally distributed variables, show Median and IQR

For each variable in the table, compute the relevant statistical functions in that list (non-applicable functions will safely return NA).

How does it work, and how can you adapt this behavior to your needs?

desctable takes an optional stats argument. This argument can either be:

• an automatic function to select appropriate statistical functions
• or a named list of
  • statistical functions
  • formulas describing conditions to use a statistical function.

Automatic function

This is the default, using the stats_auto function provided in the package.

Several other “automatic statistical functions” are defined in this package: stats_auto, stats_default, stats_normal, stats_nonnormal.

You can also provide your own automatic function, which needs to

• accept a dataframe as its argument (whether to use this dataframe or not in the function is your choice), and
• return a named list of statistical functions to use, as defined in the subsequent paragraphs.

# Strictly equivalent to iris %>% desctable() %>% pander()
iris %>%
  desctable(stats = stats_auto) %>%
  pander()

Statistical functions

Statistical functions can be any function defined in R that you want to use, such as length or mean.

The only condition is that they return a single numerical value. One exception is when they return a vector of length 1 + nlevels(x) when applied to factors, as is needed for the percent function.

As mentioned above, they need to be used inside a named list, such as

mtcars %>%
  desctable(stats = list("N" = length, "Mean" = mean, "SD" = sd)) %>%
  pander()

The names will be used as column headers in the resulting table, and the functions will be applied safely on the variables (errors return NA, and for factors the function will be used on individual levels).

Several convenience functions are included in this package. For statistical function we have: percent, which prints percentages of levels in a factor, and IQR which re-implements stats::IQR but works better with NA values.

Be aware that all functions will be used on variables stripped of their NA values!
This is necessary for most statistical functions to be useful, and makes N (length) show only the number of observations in the dataset for each variable.

Conditional formulas

The general form of these formulas is

predicate_function ~ stat_function_if_TRUE | stat_function_if_FALSE

A predicate function is any function returning either TRUE or FALSE when applied on a vector, such as is.factor, is.numeric, and is.logical.
desctable provides the is.normal function to test for normality (it is equivalent to length(na.omit(x)) > 30 & shapiro.test(x)$p.value > .1).

The FALSE option can be omitted and NA will be produced if the condition in the predicate is not met.

These statements can be nested using parentheses.
For example:

is.factor ~ percent | (is.normal ~ mean)

will either use percent if the variable is a factor, or mean if and only if the variable is normally distributed.

You can mix “bare” statistical functions and formulas in the list defining the statistics you want to use in your table.

iris %>%
  desctable(stats = list("N"      = length,
                         "%/Mean" = is.factor ~ percent | (is.normal ~ mean),
                         "Median" = is.normal ~ NA | median)) %>%
  pander()

For reference, here is the body of the stats_auto function in the package:

## function(data) {
##   data %>%
##     Filter(f = is.numeric) %>%
##     lapply(is.normal) %>%
##     unlist() -> shapiro
## 
##   if (length(shapiro) == 0) {
##     normal <- F
##     nonnormal <- F
##   } else {
##     normal <- any(shapiro)
##     nonnormal <- any(!shapiro)
##   }
## 
##   data %>%
##     lapply(is.factor) %>%
##     unlist() %>%
##     any() -> fact
## 
##   if (fact & normal & !nonnormal)       stats_normal(data)
##   else if (fact & !normal & nonnormal)  stats_nonnormal(data)
##   else if (fact & !normal & !nonnormal) list("N" = length,
##                                              "%" = percent)
##   else if (!fact & normal & nonnormal)  list("N" = length,
##                                              "Mean" = is.normal ~ mean,
##                                              "sd" = is.normal ~ sd,
##                                              "Med" = stats::median,
##                                              "IQR" = is.factor ~ NA | IQR)
##   else if (!fact & normal & !nonnormal) list("N" = length,
##                                              "Mean" = mean,
##                                              "sd" = stats::sd)
##   else if (!fact & !normal & nonnormal) list("N" = length,
##                                              "Med" = stats::median,
##                                              "IQR" = IQR)
##   else                                  stats_default(data)
## }
## <environment: namespace:desctable>

Labels

It is often the case that variable names are not “pretty” enough to be used as-is in a table.
Although you could still edit the variable labels in the table afterwards using subsetting or string replacement functions, it is possible to mention a labels argument.

The labels argument is a named character vector associating variable names and labels.
You don’t need to provide labels for all the variables, and extra labels will be silently discarded. This allows you to define a “global” labels vector and use it for every table even after variable selections.

mtlabels <- c(mpg  = "Miles/(US) gallon",
              cyl  = "Number of cylinders",
              disp = "Displacement (cu.in.)",
              hp   = "Gross horsepower",
              drat = "Rear axle ratio",
              wt   = "Weight (1000 lbs)",
              qsec = "¼ mile time",
              vs   = "V/S",
              am   = "Transmission",
              gear = "Number of forward gears",
              carb = "Number of carburetors")

mtcars %>%
  dplyr::mutate(am = factor(am, labels = c("Automatic", "Manual"))) %>%
  desctable(labels = mtlabels) %>%
  pander()

Comparative tables

Simple usage

Creating a comparative table (between groups defined by a factor) using desctable is as easy as creating a descriptive table.

It uses the well known group_by function from dplyr:

iris %>%
  group_by(Species) %>%
  desctable() -> iris_by_Species

iris_by_Species

##                Species: setosa (n=50) / N Species: setosa (n=50) / Mean Species: setosa (n=50) / sd Species: setosa (n=50) / Med Species: setosa (n=50) / IQR Species: versicolor (n=50) / N Species: versicolor (n=50) / Mean
## 1 Sepal.Length                         50                         5.006                   0.3524897                          5.0                        0.400                             50                             5.936
## 2  Sepal.Width                         50                         3.428                   0.3790644                          3.4                        0.475                             50                             2.770
## 3 Petal.Length                         50                            NA                          NA                          1.5                        0.175                             50                             4.260
## 4  Petal.Width                         50                            NA                          NA                          0.2                        0.100                             50                                NA
##   Species: versicolor (n=50) / sd Species: versicolor (n=50) / Med Species: versicolor (n=50) / IQR Species: virginica (n=50) / N Species: virginica (n=50) / Mean Species: virginica (n=50) / sd Species: virginica (n=50) / Med
## 1                       0.5161711                             5.90                            0.700                            50                            6.588                      0.6358796                            6.50
## 2                       0.3137983                             2.80                            0.475                            50                            2.974                      0.3224966                            3.00
## 3                       0.4699110                             4.35                            0.600                            50                            5.552                      0.5518947                            5.55
## 4                              NA                             1.30                            0.300                            50                               NA                             NA                            2.00
##   Species: virginica (n=50) / IQR                             tests / p                     tests / test
## 1                           0.675 0.00000000000000000000000000015050590 . %>% oneway.test(var.equal = F)
## 2                           0.375 0.00000000000000004492017133309114263 . %>% oneway.test(var.equal = T)
## 3                           0.775 0.00000000000000000000000000004803974                     kruskal.test
## 4                           0.500 0.00000000000000000000000000003261796                     kruskal.test

The result is a table containing a descriptive subtable for each level of the grouping factor (the statistical functions rules are applied to each subtable independently), with the statistical tests performed, and their p values.

When displayed as a flat dataframe, the grouping header appears in each variable.

You can also see the grouping headers by inspecting the resulting object, which is a deep list of dataframes, each dataframe named after the grouping factor and its levels (with sample size for each).

str(iris_by_Species)

## List of 5
##  $ Variables                 :'data.frame':  4 obs. of  1 variable:
##   ..$ Variables: chr [1:4] "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width" "Petal.Length" "Petal.Width"
##  $ Species: setosa (n=50)    :'data.frame':  4 obs. of  5 variables:
##   ..$ N   : int [1:4] 50 50 50 50
##   ..$ Mean: num [1:4] 5.01 3.43 NA NA
##   ..$ sd  : num [1:4] 0.352 0.379 NA NA
##   ..$ Med : num [1:4] 5 3.4 1.5 0.2
##   ..$ IQR : num [1:4] 0.4 0.475 0.175 0.1
##  $ Species: versicolor (n=50):'data.frame':  4 obs. of  5 variables:
##   ..$ N   : int [1:4] 50 50 50 50
##   ..$ Mean: num [1:4] 5.94 2.77 4.26 NA
##   ..$ sd  : num [1:4] 0.516 0.314 0.47 NA
##   ..$ Med : num [1:4] 5.9 2.8 4.35 1.3
##   ..$ IQR : num [1:4] 0.7 0.475 0.6 0.3
##  $ Species: virginica (n=50) :'data.frame':  4 obs. of  5 variables:
##   ..$ N   : int [1:4] 50 50 50 50
##   ..$ Mean: num [1:4] 6.59 2.97 5.55 NA
##   ..$ sd  : num [1:4] 0.636 0.322 0.552 NA
##   ..$ Med : num [1:4] 6.5 3 5.55 2
##   ..$ IQR : num [1:4] 0.675 0.375 0.775 0.5
##  $ tests                     :'data.frame':  4 obs. of  2 variables:
##   ..$ p   : num [1:4] 0.0000000000000000000000000001505 0.0000000000000000449201713330911 0.000000000000000000000000000048 0.0000000000| __truncated__
##   ..$ test: chr [1:4] ". %>% oneway.test(var.equal = F)" ". %>% oneway.test(var.equal = T)" "kruskal.test" "kruskal.test"
##  - attr(*, "class")= chr "desctable"

You can specify groups based on any variable, not only factors:

# With pander output
mtcars %>%
  group_by(cyl) %>%
  desctable() %>%
  pander()

Also with conditions:

iris %>%
  group_by(Petal.Length > 5) %>%
  desctable() %>%
  pander()

And even on multiple nested groups:

mtcars %>%
  dplyr::mutate(am = factor(am, labels = c("Automatic", "Manual"))) %>%
  group_by(vs, am, cyl) %>%
  desctable() %>%
  pander()

In the case of nested groups (a.k.a. sub-group analysis), statistical tests are performed only between the groups of the deepest grouping level.

Statistical tests are automatically selected depending on the data and the grouping factor.

Advanced usage

desctable choses the statistical tests using the following algorithm:

• if the variable is a factor, use fisher.test
• if the grouping factor has only one level, use the provided no.test (which does nothing)
• if the grouping factor has two levels
  • and the variable presents homoskedasticity (p value for var.test > .1) and normality of distribution in both groups, use t.test(var.equal = T)
  • and the variable does not present homoskedasticity (p value for var.test < .1) but normality of distribution in both groups, use t.test(var.equal = F)
  • else use wilcox.test
• if the grouping factor has more than two levels
  • and the variable presents homoskedasticity (p value for bartlett.test > .1) and normality of distribution in all groups, use oneway.test(var.equal = T)
  • and the variable does not present homoskedasticity (p value for bartlett.test < .1) but normality of distribution in all groups, use oneway.test(var.equal = F)
  • else use kruskal.test

But what if you want to pick a specific test for a specific variable, or change all the tests altogether?

desctable takes an optional tests argument. This argument can either be

• an automatic function to select appropriate statistical test functions
• or a named list of statistical test functions

Automatic function

This is the default, using the tests_auto function provided in the package.

You can also provide your own automatic function, which needs to

• accept a variable and a grouping factor as its arguments, and
• return a single-term formula containing a statistical test function.

This function will be used on every variable and every grouping factor to determine the appropriate test.

# Strictly equivalent to iris %>% group_by(Species) %>% desctable %>% pander
iris %>%
  group_by(Species) %>%
  desctable(tests = tests_auto) %>%
  pander()

List of statistical test functions

You can provide a named list of statistical functions, but here the mechanism is a bit different from the stats argument.

The list must contain either .auto or .default.

• .auto needs to be an automatic function, such as tests_auto. It will be used by default on all variables to select a test
• .default needs to be a single-term formula containing a statistical test function that will be used on all variables

You can also provide overrides to use specific tests for specific variables.
This is done using list items named as the variable and containing a single-term formula function.

iris %>%
  group_by(Petal.Length > 5) %>%
  desctable(tests = list(.auto   = tests_auto,
                         Species = ~chisq.test)) %>%
  pander()

mtcars %>%
  dplyr::mutate(am = factor(am, labels = c("Automatic", "Manual"))) %>%
  group_by(am) %>%
  desctable(tests = list(.default = ~wilcox.test,
                         mpg      = ~t.test)) %>%
  pander()

You might wonder why the formula expression. That is needed to capture the test name, and to provide it in the resulting table.

As with statistical functions, any statistical test function defined in R can be used.

The conditions are that the function

• accepts a formula (variable ~ grouping_variable) as a first positional argument (as is the case with most tests, like t.test), and
• returns an object with a p.value element.

Several convenience function are provided: formula versions for chisq.test and fisher.test using generic S3 methods (thus the behavior of standard calls to chisq.test and fisher.test are not modified), and ANOVA, a partial application of oneway.test with parameter var.equal = T.

Tips and tricks

In the stats argument, you can not only feed function names, but even arbitrary function definitions, functional sequences (a feature provided with the pipe (%>%)), or partial applications (with the purrr package):

mtcars %>%
  desctable(stats = list("N"              = length,
                         "Sum of squares" = function(x) sum(x^2),
                         "Q1"             = . %>% quantile(prob = .25),
                         "Q3"             = purrr::partial(quantile, probs = .75))) %>%
  pander()

In the tests arguments, you can also provide function definitions, functional sequences, and partial applications in the formulas:

iris %>%
  group_by(Species) %>%
  desctable(tests = list(.auto = tests_auto,
                         Sepal.Width = ~function(f) oneway.test(f, var.equal = F),
                         Petal.Length = ~. %>% oneway.test(var.equal = T),
                         Sepal.Length = ~purrr::partial(oneway.test, var.equal = T))) %>%
  pander()

This allows you to modulate the behavior of desctable in every detail, such as using paired tests, or non htest tests.

# This is a contrived example, which would be better solved with a dedicated function
library(survival)

bladder$surv <- Surv(bladder$stop, bladder$event)

bladder %>%
  group_by(rx) %>%
  desctable(tests = list(.default = ~wilcox.test,
                         surv = ~. %>% survdiff %>% .$chisq %>% pchisq(1, lower.tail = F) %>% list(p.value = .))) %>%
  pander()