fields (version 1.2)

Krig: Kriging surface estimate

Description

Fits a surface to irregularly spaced data. The Kriging model assumes that the unknown function is a realization of a Gaussian random spatial processes. The assumed model is additive Y = P(x) + Z(X) + e, where P is a low order polynomial and Z is a mean zero, Gaussian stochastic process with a covariance that is unknown up to a scale constant. The main advantages of this function are the flexibility in specifying the covariance as an S-function and also the supporting functions plot, predict, predict.se, surface for subsequent analysis. Krig also supports a correlation model where the mean and marginal variances are supplied.

Usage

Krig(x, Y, cov.function=exp.cov, lambda=NA, df = NA,
cost=1, knots, weights=rep(1,length(Y)), 
m=2, return.matrices=TRUE, nstep.cv=80, scale.type="user", 
x.center=rep(0, ncol(x)), x.scale=rep(1, ncol(x)), rho=NA, sigma2=NA, 
method="GCV", decomp="DR", verbose=FALSE, cond.number=10^8, mean.obj=NULL, 
sd.obj=NULL, yname=NULL, return.X=TRUE, null.function=make.tmatrix, offset=0, 
 outputcall = NULL, cov.args=NULL,...)

Arguments

x

Matrix of independent variables.

Y

Vector of dependent variables.

cov.function

Covariance function for data in the form of an S-PLUS function (see exp.cov). Default assumes that correlation is an exponential function of distance.

df

The effective number of parameters for the fitted surface. Conversely, N- df, where N is the total number of observations is the degrees of freedom associated with the residuals. This is an alternative to specifying lambda and much more interpretable.

lambda

Smoothing parameter that is the ratio of the error variance (sigma**2) to the scale parameter of the covariance function (rho). If omitted this is estimated by GCV ( see method below).

cost

Cost value used in GCV criterion. Corresponds to a penalty for increased number of parameters.

knots

A matrix of locations similar to x. These can define an alternative set of basis functions for representing the estimate. One choice may be a space-filling subset of the original x locations. (See details.)

weights

Weights are proportional to the reciprocal variance of the measurement error. The default is no weighting i.e. vector of unit weights.

m

A polynomial function of degree (m-1) will be included in the model as the drift (or spatial trend) component.

return.matrices

Matrices from the decompositions are returned. The default is T.

nstep.cv

Number of grid points for minimum GCV search.

scale.type

This is a character string among: "range", "unit.sd", "user", "unscaled". The independent variables and knots are scaled to the specified scale.type. By default no scaling is done. Scale type of "range" scales the data to the interval (0,1) by forming (

x.center

Centering values to be subtracted from each column of the x matrix.

x.scale

Scale values that are divided into each column after centering.

rho

Scale factor for covariance.

sigma2

Variance of the errors, often called the nugget variance. If weights are specified then the error variance is sigma2 divided by weights.

method

How should the "smoothing" parameter be estimated? The default is by standard GCV Other choices are: GCV.model, GCV.one, RMSE, pure error. The differences are explained below.

decomp

Type of matrix decompositions used to compute the solution. Default is "DR" Demmler-Reinsch an alternative that more numerically stable is "WBW" Wendelberger-Bates-Wahba. This is the strategy used in GCV pack. "WBW" can not be used if knots are spe

verbose

If true will print out all kinds of intermediate stuff. Default is false, of course.

cond.number

Maximum size of condition number to allow when using DR decomposition.

mean.obj

Object to predict the mean of the spatial process. This used in when fitting a correlation model with varying spatial means and varying marginal variances. (See details.)

sd.obj

Object to predict the marginal standard deviation of the spatial process.

yname

Name of y variable

return.X

If true returns the big X matrix used for the estimate.

null.function

An S function that creates the matrices for the null space model. The default is make.tmatrix, an S function that creates polynomial null spaces of degree up to m-1. (See details)

offset

The offset to be used in the GCV criterion. Default is 0. This would be used when Krig is part of a backfitting algorithm and the offset has to be adjusted to reflect other model degrees of freedom.

cov.args

A list with the arguments to call the covariance function. (in addition to the locations)

outputcall

If NULL the output object will have a $call argument based on this call. If no NULL the output call will have whatever is passed. This is kludge for the Tps function so that it return a Krig object but have the right call argument.

...

Optional arguments that appear are assume to be additional arguments to the covariance function.

Value

• A object of class Krig. This includes the predicted values in fitted.values and the residuals in residuals. The results of the grid search to minimize the generalized cross validation function are returned in gcv.grid.
• call
  Call to the function
• y
  Vector of dependent variables.
• x
  Matrix of independent variables.
• weights
  Vector of weights.
• knots
  Locations used to define the basis functions.
• transform
  List of components used in centering and scaling data.
• np
  Total number of parameters in the model.
• nt
  Number of parameters in the null space.
• matrices
  List of matrices from the decompositions (D, G, u, X, qr.T).
• gcv.grid
  Matrix of values from the GCV grid search. The first column is the grid of lambda values used in the search, the second column is the trace of the A matrix, the third column is the GCV values and the fourth column is the estimated value of sigma conditional on the vlaue of lambda.
• lambda.est
  A table of estimated smoothing parameters with corresponding degrees of freedom and estimates of sigma found by different methods.
• cost
  Cost value used in GCV criterion.
• m
  Order of the polynomial space: highest degree polynomial is (m-1). This is a fixed part of the surface often referred to as the drift or spatial trend.
• eff.df
  Effective degrees of freedom of the model.
• fitted.values
  Predicted values from the fit.
• residuals
  Residuals from the fit.
• lambda
  Value of the smoothing parameter used in the fit.
• yname
  Name of the response.
• cov.function
  Covariance function of the model.
• beta
  Estimated coefficients in the ridge regression format
• d
  Estimated coefficients for the polynomial basis functions that span the null space
• fitted.values.null
  Fitted values for just the polynomial part of the estimate
• trace
  Effective number of parameters in model.
• c
  Estimated coefficients for the basis functions derived from the covariance.
• coefficients
  Same as the beta vector.
• just.solve
  Logical describing if the data has been interpolated using the basis functions.
• shat
  Estimated standard deviation of the measurement error (nugget effect).
• sigma2
  Estimated variance of the measurement error (shat**2).
• rho
  Scale factor for covariance. COV(h(x),h(x)) = rho*cov.function(x,x)
• mean.var
  Normalization of the covariance function used to find rho.
• best.model
  Vector containing the value of lambda, the estimated variance of the measurement error and the scale factor for covariance used in the fit.

References

See "Additive Models" by Hastie and Tibshirani, "Spatial Statistics" by Cressie and the FIELDS manual.

Details

This function produces a object of class Krig. With this object it is easy to subsequently predict with this fitted surface, find standard errors, alter the y data ( but not x), etc.

The kriging model is: Y(x)= P(x) + Z(x) + e

where Y is the dependent variable observed at location x, P is a low order polynomial, Z is a mean zero, Gaussian field with covariance function K and e is assumed to be independent normal errors. The estimated surface is the best linear unbiased estimate (BLUE) of P(x) + Z(x) given the observed data. For this estimate K, is taken to be rho*cov.function and the errors have variance sigma**2.

If these parameters rho and sigma2 are omitted in the call, then they are estimated in the following way. If lambda is given, then sigma2 is estimated from the residual sum of squares divided by the degrees of freedom associated with the residuals. Rho is found as the difference between the sums of squares of the predicted values having subtracted off the polynomial part and sigma2.

A useful extension of a stationary correlation to a nonstationary covariance is what we term a correlation model. If mean and marginal standard deviation objects are included in the call. Then the observed data is standardized based on these functions. The spatial process is then estimated with respect to the standardized scale. However for predictions and standard errors the mean and standard deviation surfaces are used to produce results in the original scale of the observations.

The GCV function has several alternative definitions when replicate observations are present or if one uses a reduced set knots. Here are the choices based on the method argument: GCV: leave-one-out GCV. But if there are replicates it is leave one group out. (Wendy and Doug prefer this one.) GCV.one: Really leave-one-out GCV even if there are replicate points. This what the tps function uses in FUNFITS versions > 2.2 rmse: Match the estimate of sigma**2 to a external value ( called rmse) pure error: Match the estimate of sigma**2 to the estimate based on replicated data (pure error estimate in ANOVA language). GCV.model: Only considers the residual sums of squares explained by the basis functions.

WARNING: The covariance functions often have a nonlinear parameter that control the strength of the correlations as a function of separation, usually referred to as the range parameter. This parameter must be specified in the call to Krig and will not be estimated.

See Also

summary.Krig, predict.Krig, predict.se.Krig, predict.surface.se, predict.surface, plot.Krig, surface.Krig

Examples

#2-d example 
# fitting a surface to ozone  
# measurements. Range parameter is 10 (in miles) 

fit <- Krig(ozone$x, ozone$y, exp.cov, theta=10)  
 
summary( fit) # summary of fit 
plot(fit) # diagnostic plots of fit  
surface( fit, type="C") # look at the surface 
out.p<- predict.surface.se( fit) 
image(out.p)

# predict at data

predict( fit)

# predict on a grid ( grid chosen here by defaults)
out<- predict.surface( fit)
persp( out)

# predict at arbitrary points (10,-10) and (20, 15)
xnew<- rbind( c( 10, -10), c( 20, 15))
predict( fit, xnew)

# standard errors of prediction based on covariance model.  
predict.se( fit, xnew)

#
# Roll your own: using a user defined Gaussian covariance 
#
test.cov <- function(x1,x2,theta){exp(-(rdist(x1,x2)/theta)**2)} 
# use this and put in quadratic polynomial fixed function 
fit.flame<- Krig(flame$x, flame$y, test.cov, m=3, theta=.5)
#
# note how range parameter is passed to Krig.   
# BTW:  GCV indicates an interpolating model (nugget variance is zero) 
#
# take a look ...
surface(fit.flame, type="I") 

# 
# Thin plate spline fit to ozone data using generalized variance 
# function 
# p=2 is the power in the radial basis function 
# If m is the degree of derivative in penalty then p=2m-d 
# where d is the dimension of x. p must be greater than 0. 
#  In the example below p = 2*2 - 2 = 2  
# See also the Fields function Tps

out<- Krig( ozone$x, ozone$y, rad.cov, m=2,  p=2)

# correlation model example

# fit krig surface using a mean and sd function to standardize 
# first get stats from 1987 summer Midwest O3 data set 
# Compare the function Tps to the call to Krig given above 
# fit tps surfaces to the mean and sd  points.  
# (a shortcut is being taken here just using the lon/lat coordinates) 
data(ozone2)
stats.o3<- stats( ozone2$y)
mean.o3<- Tps( ozone2$lon.lat, c( stats.o3[2,]))
sd.o3<- Tps(  ozone2$lon.lat, c( stats.o3[3,]))

# Now use these to fit particular day ( day 16) 

y16<- ozone2$y[16,] # there are some missing values! 
good<- !is.na( y16) 
 
fit<- Krig( ozone2$lon.lat[good,], y16[good],exp.earth.cov, theta=353, 
mean.obj=mean.o3, sd.obj=sd.o3)