For simplicity, we have no special handling for ties; instead, we break ties
randomly. This is slightly inaccurate for individual groups, but should have
only a small effect on the overall measure.
gbm_conc
computes the concordance index: Fraction of all pairs (i,j)
with i<j, x[i] != x[j], such that x[j] < x[i]
If obs
is binary, then gbm_roc_area(obs, pred) =
gbm.conc(obs[order(-pred)])
.
gbm_conc
is more general as it allows non-binary targets, but is
significantly slower.