boxplot
Box Plots
Produce box-and-whisker plot(s) of the given (grouped) values.
- Keywords
- hplot
Usage
boxplot(x, ...)
"boxplot"(formula, data = NULL, ..., subset, na.action = NULL)
"boxplot"(x, ..., range = 1.5, width = NULL, varwidth = FALSE, notch = FALSE, outline = TRUE, names, plot = TRUE, border = par("fg"), col = NULL, log = "", pars = list(boxwex = 0.8, staplewex = 0.5, outwex = 0.5), horizontal = FALSE, add = FALSE, at = NULL)
Arguments
- formula
- a formula, such as
y ~ grp
, wherey
is a numeric vector of data values to be split into groups according to the grouping variablegrp
(usually a factor). - data
- a data.frame (or list) from which the variables in
formula
should be taken. - subset
- an optional vector specifying a subset of observations to be used for plotting.
- na.action
- a function which indicates what should happen
when the data contain
NA
s. The default is to ignore missing values in either the response or the group. - x
- for specifying data from which the boxplots are to be
produced. Either a numeric vector, or a single list containing such
vectors. Additional unnamed arguments specify further data
as separate vectors (each corresponding to a component boxplot).
NA
s are allowed in the data. - ...
- For the
formula
method, named arguments to be passed to the default method.For the default method, unnamed arguments are additional data vectors (unless
x
is a list when they are ignored), and named arguments are arguments and graphical parameters to be passed tobxp
in addition to the ones given by argumentpars
(and override those inpars
). Note thatbxp
may or may not make use of graphical parameters it is passed: see its documentation. - range
- this determines how far the plot whiskers extend out
from the box. If
range
is positive, the whiskers extend to the most extreme data point which is no more thanrange
times the interquartile range from the box. A value of zero causes the whiskers to extend to the data extremes. - width
- a vector giving the relative widths of the boxes making up the plot.
- varwidth
- if
varwidth
isTRUE
, the boxes are drawn with widths proportional to the square-roots of the number of observations in the groups. - notch
- if
notch
isTRUE
, a notch is drawn in each side of the boxes. If the notches of two plots do not overlap this is strong evidence that the two medians differ (Chambers et al., 1983, p. 62). Seeboxplot.stats
for the calculations used. - outline
- if
outline
is not true, the outliers are not drawn (as points whereas S+ uses lines). - names
- group labels which will be printed under each boxplot. Can be a character vector or an expression (see plotmath).
- boxwex
- a scale factor to be applied to all boxes. When there are only a few groups, the appearance of the plot can be improved by making the boxes narrower.
- staplewex
- staple line width expansion, proportional to box width.
- outwex
- outlier line width expansion, proportional to box width.
- plot
- if
TRUE
(the default) then a boxplot is produced. If not, the summaries which the boxplots are based on are returned. - border
- an optional vector of colors for the outlines of the
boxplots. The values in
border
are recycled if the length ofborder
is less than the number of plots. - col
- if
col
is non-null it is assumed to contain colors to be used to colour the bodies of the box plots. By default they are in the background colour. - log
- character indicating if x or y or both coordinates should be plotted in log scale.
- pars
- a list of (potentially many) more graphical parameters,
e.g.,
boxwex
oroutpch
; these are passed tobxp
(ifplot
is true); for details, see there. - horizontal
- logical indicating if the boxplots should be
horizontal; default
FALSE
means vertical boxes. - add
- logical, if true add boxplot to current plot.
- at
- numeric vector giving the locations where the boxplots should
be drawn, particularly when
add = TRUE
; defaults to1:n
wheren
is the number of boxes.
Details
The generic function boxplot
currently has a default method
(boxplot.default
) and a formula interface (boxplot.formula
).
If multiple groups are supplied either as multiple arguments or via a
formula, parallel boxplots will be plotted, in the order of the
arguments or the order of the levels of the factor (see
factor
).
Missing values are ignored when forming boxplots.
Value
-
List with the following components:
- stats
- a matrix, each column contains the extreme of the lower whisker, the lower hinge, the median, the upper hinge and the extreme of the upper whisker for one group/plot. If all the inputs have the same class attribute, so will this component.
- n
- a vector with the number of observations in each group.
- conf
- a matrix where each column contains the lower and upper extremes of the notch.
- out
- the values of any data points which lie beyond the extremes of the whiskers.
- group
- a vector of the same length as
out
whose elements indicate to which group the outlier belongs. - names
- a vector of names for the groups.
References
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B. and Tukey, P. A. (1983) Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Murrell, P. (2005) R Graphics. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
See also boxplot.stats
.
See Also
boxplot.stats
which does the computation,
bxp
for the plotting and more examples;
and stripchart
for an alternative (with small data
sets).
Examples
library(graphics)
## boxplot on a formula:
boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays, col = "lightgray")
# *add* notches (somewhat funny here):
boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
notch = TRUE, add = TRUE, col = "blue")
boxplot(decrease ~ treatment, data = OrchardSprays,
log = "y", col = "bisque")
rb <- boxplot(decrease ~ treatment, data = OrchardSprays, col = "bisque")
title("Comparing boxplot()s and non-robust mean +/- SD")
mn.t <- tapply(OrchardSprays$decrease, OrchardSprays$treatment, mean)
sd.t <- tapply(OrchardSprays$decrease, OrchardSprays$treatment, sd)
xi <- 0.3 + seq(rb$n)
points(xi, mn.t, col = "orange", pch = 18)
arrows(xi, mn.t - sd.t, xi, mn.t + sd.t,
code = 3, col = "pink", angle = 75, length = .1)
## boxplot on a matrix:
mat <- cbind(Uni05 = (1:100)/21, Norm = rnorm(100),
`5T` = rt(100, df = 5), Gam2 = rgamma(100, shape = 2))
boxplot(as.data.frame(mat),
main = "boxplot(as.data.frame(mat), main = ...)")
par(las = 1) # all axis labels horizontal
boxplot(as.data.frame(mat), main = "boxplot(*, horizontal = TRUE)",
horizontal = TRUE)
## Using 'at = ' and adding boxplots -- example idea by Roger Bivand :
boxplot(len ~ dose, data = ToothGrowth,
boxwex = 0.25, at = 1:3 - 0.2,
subset = supp == "VC", col = "yellow",
main = "Guinea Pigs' Tooth Growth",
xlab = "Vitamin C dose mg",
ylab = "tooth length",
xlim = c(0.5, 3.5), ylim = c(0, 35), yaxs = "i")
boxplot(len ~ dose, data = ToothGrowth, add = TRUE,
boxwex = 0.25, at = 1:3 + 0.2,
subset = supp == "OJ", col = "orange")
legend(2, 9, c("Ascorbic acid", "Orange juice"),
fill = c("yellow", "orange"))
## more examples in help(bxp)
Community examples
```r boxplot(mtcars$mpg) boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, col = "lightgray", varwidth = TRUE, main = "mpg vs cylinders", ylab = "mpg",xlab = "cylinders") fivenum(mtcars$mpg) # the numbers used to create the boxplot # video tutorial at http://niemannross.com/link/boxplot ```