Formula:
$$f(x) = -20\exp\left(-0.2\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^2}\right)
- \exp\left(\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(2\pi x_i)\right) + 20 + e$$
Global minimum: \(f(0, 0, ..., 0) = 0\)
Characteristics:
The Ackley function has an exponential term covering its surface with
numerous local minima. The function poses a risk of premature convergence
for hill-climbing algorithms.