Task

Task Class

This is the abstract base class for task objects like TaskClassif and TaskRegr.

Tasks serve two purposes:

1. Tasks wrap a DataBackend, an object to transparently interface different data storage types.

2. Tasks store meta-information, such as the role of the individual columns in the DataBackend. For example, for a classification task a single column must be marked as target column, and others as features.

Predefined (toy) tasks are stored in the Dictionary mlr_tasks, e.g. iris or boston_housing.

Format

R6::R6Class object.

Construction

Note: This object is typically constructed via a derived classes, e.g. TaskClassif or TaskRegr.

t = Task$new(id, task_type, backend)

• id :: character(1) Identifier for the task.

• task_type :: character(1) Set in the classes which inherit from this class. Must be an element of mlr_reflections$task_types.

• backend :: DataBackend Either a DataBackend, or any object which is convertible to a DataBackend with as_data_backend(). E.g., a data.frame() will be converted to a DataBackendDataTable.

Fields

• backend :: DataBackend.

• col_info :: data.table::data.table() Table with with 3 columns:

  • "id" stores the name of the column.

  • "type" holds the storage type of the variable, e.g. integer, numeric or character.

  • "levels" stores a vector of distinct values (levels) for factor and character variables.

• col_roles :: named list() Each column (feature) can have an arbitrary number of the following roles:

  • "feature": Regular feature used in the model fitting process.

  • "target": Target variable.

  • "label": Observation labels. May be used in plots.

  • "order": Data returned by $data() is ordered by this column (or these columns).

  • "groups": During resampling, observations with the same value of the variable with role "groups" are marked as "belonging together". They will be exclusively assigned to be either in the training set or in the test set for each resampling iteration. Only up to one column may have this role.

  • "weights": Observation weights. Only up to one column may have this role.

  col_roles keeps track of the roles with a named list of vectors of feature names. To alter the roles, use t$set_col_role().

• row_roles :: named list() Each row (observation) can have an arbitrary number of roles in the learning task:

  • "use": Use in train / predict / resampling.

  • "validation": Hold the observations back unless explicitly requested. Validation sets are not yet completely integrated into the package.

  row_roles keeps track of the roles with a named list of vectors of feature names. To alter the role, use set_row_role().

• feature_names :: character() Return all column names with role == "feature".

• feature_types :: data.table::data.table() Returns a table with columns id and type where id are the column names of "active" features of the task and type is the storage type.

• hash :: character(1) Hash (unique identifier) for this object.

• id :: character(1) Identifier of the Task.

• ncol :: integer(1) Returns the total number of cols with role "target" or "feature".

• nrow :: integer(1) Return the total number of rows with role "use".

• row_ids :: (integer() | character()) Returns the row ids of the DataBackend for observations with with role "use".

• target_names :: character() Returns all column names with role "target".

• task_type :: character(1) Stores the type of the Task.

• properties :: character() Set of task properties. Possible properties are are stored in mlr_reflections$task_properties.

• groups :: data.table::data.table() If the task has a designated column role "groups", table with two columns: row_id (integer() | character()) and the grouping variable group (vector()). Returns NULL if there are is no grouping column.

• weights :: data.table::data.table() If the task has a designated column role "weights", table with two columns: row_id (integer() | character()) and the observation weights weight (numeric()). Returns NULL if there are is no weight column.

Methods

• data(rows = NULL, cols = NULL, data_format = NULL) (integer() | character(), character(1), character(1)) -> any Returns a slice of the data from the DataBackend in the data format specified by data_format (depending on the DataBackend, but usually a data.table::data.table()).

  Rows are additionally subsetted to only contain observations with role "use", and columns are filtered to only contain features with roles "target" and "feature". If invalid rows or cols are specified, an exception is raised.

• formula(rhs = NULL) character() -> stats::formula() Constructs a stats::formula(), e.g. [target] ~ [feature_1] + [feature_2] + ... + [feature_k], using the features provided in argument rhs (defaults to all columns with role "feature").

• levels(cols = NULL) character() -> named list() Returns the distinct values for columns referenced in cols with storage type "character", "factor" or "ordered". Argument cols defaults to all such columns with role "target" or "feature".

  Note that this function ignores the row roles, it returns all levels available in the DataBackend. To update the stored level information, e.g. after filtering a task, call $droplevels().

• droplevels(cols = NULL) character() -> self Updates the cache of stored factor levels, removing all levels not present in the current set of active rows. cols defaults to all columns with storage type "character", "factor", or "ordered".

• missings(cols = NULL) character() -> named integer() Returns the number of missing observations for columns referenced in cols. Considers only active rows with row role "use". Argument cols defaults to all columns with role "target" or "feature".

• head(n = 6) integer() -> data.table::data.table() Get the first n observations with role "use".

• set_col_role(cols, new_roles, exclusive = TRUE) (character(), character(), logical(1)) -> self Adds the roles new_roles to columns referred to by cols. If exclusive is TRUE, the referenced columns will be removed from all other roles.

• set_row_role(rows, new_roles, exclusive = TRUE) (character(), character(), logical(1)) -> self Adds the roles new_roles to rows referred to by rows. If exclusive is TRUE, the referenced rows will be removed from all other roles.

• filter(rows) (integer() | character()) -> self Subsets the task, reducing it to only keep the rows specified in rows. This mutates the task in-place. See the section on task mutators for more information.

• select(cols) character() -> self Subsets the task, reducing it to only keep the features specified in cols. Note that you cannot deselect the target column, for obvious reasons. This mutates the task in-place. See the section on task mutators for more information.

• cbind(data) data.frame() -> self Extends the DataBackend with additional columns. The row ids must be provided as column in data (with column name matching the primary key name of the DataBackend). If this column is missing, it is assumed that the rows are exactly in the order of t$row_ids. This mutates the task in-place. See the section on task mutators for more information.

• rbind(data) data.frame() -> self Extends the DataBackend with additional rows. The new row ids must be provided as column in data. If this column is missing, new row ids are constructed automatically. This mutates the task in-place. See the section on task mutators for more information.

S3 methods

• as.data.table(t) Task -> data.table::data.table() Returns the complete data as data.table::data.table().

Task mutators

The following methods change the task in-place:

• set_row_role() and set_col_role() alter the row or column information in row_roles or col_roles, respectively. This provides a different "view" on the data without altering the data itself.

• filter() and select() subset the set of active rows or features in row_roles or col_roles, respectively. This provides a different "view" on the data without altering the data itself.

• rbind() and cbind() change the task in-place by binding rows or columns to the data, but without modifying the original DataBackend. Instead, the methods first create a new DataBackendDataTable from the provided new data, and then merge both backends into an abstract DataBackend which combines the results on-demand.

See Also

Other Task: TaskClassif, TaskRegr, TaskSupervised, mlr_generators, mlr_tasks

Aliases

• Task

Examples

# NOT RUN {
# we use the inherited class TaskClassif here,
# Class Task is not intended for direct use
task = TaskClassif$new("iris", iris, target = "Species")

task$nrow
task$ncol
task$feature_names
task$formula()

# Remove "Petal.Length"
task$set_col_role("Petal.Length", character(0L))

# Remove "Petal.Width", alternative way
task$select(setdiff(task$feature_names, "Petal.Width"))

task$feature_names

# Add new column "foo"
task$cbind(data.frame(foo = 1:150))
task$head()
# }