mpt
Multinomial Processing Tree (MPT) Models
Fits a (joint) multinomial processing tree (MPT) model specified
by a symbolic description via mptspec
.
- Keywords
- models
Usage
mpt(spec, data, start = NULL, method = c("BFGS", "EM"), treeid = "treeid",
freqvar = "freq", optimargs =
if(method == "BFGS") list(control =
list(reltol = .Machine$double.eps^(1/1.2), maxit = 1000))
else list())# S3 method for mpt
anova(object, …, test = c("Chisq", "none"))
# S3 method for mpt
coef(object, logit = FALSE, …)
# S3 method for mpt
confint(object, parm, level = 0.95, logit = TRUE, …)
# S3 method for mpt
predict(object, newdata = NULL, type = c("freq", "prob"), …)
# S3 method for mpt
summary(object, …)
Arguments
- spec
an object of class
mptspec
: typically result of a call tomptspec
. A symbolic description of the model to be fitted. (See Details and Examples.)- data
a data frame consisting at least of one variable that contains the absolute response frequencies. Alternatively, a (named) vector or matrix of frequencies.
- start
a vector of starting values for the parameter estimates between zero and one.
- method
optimization method. Implemented are
optim(..., method = "BFGS")
and the EM algorithm.- treeid
name of the variable that identifies the processing trees of a joint multinomial model. Alternatively, a vector that identifies each tree.
- freqvar
if
data
is a data frame, name of the variable that holds the response frequencies; else ignored.- logit
logical. Parameter estimates on logit or probability scale.
- optimargs
a list of arguments passed to the optimization function, either
optim
ormptEM
.- object
an object of class
mpt
, typically the result of a call tompt
.- test
should the p-values of the chi-square distributions be reported?
- parm, level
See
confint.default
.- newdata
a vector of response frequencies.
- type
predicted frequencies or probabilities.
- …
additional arguments passed to other methods.
Details
Multinomial processing tree models (Batchelder & Riefer, 1999; Erdfelder et al., 2009; Riefer & Batchelder, 1988) seek to represent the categorical responses of a group of subjects by a small number of latent (psychological) parameters. These models have a tree-like graph, the links being the parameters, the leaves being the response categories. The path from the root to one of the leaves represents the cognitive processing steps executed to arrive at a given response.
If data
is a data frame, each row corresponds to one response
category. If data
is a vector or matrix, each element or column
corresponds to one response category. The order of response categories and
of model equations specified in mptspec
should match.
Joint (or product) multinomial models consist of more than one processing
tree. The treeid
should uniquely identify each tree.
Per default, parameter estimation is carried out by optim
's
BFGS method on the logit scale with analytical gradients; it can be switched
to mptEM
which implements the EM algorithm.
Value
An object of class mpt
containing the following components:
a vector of parameter estimates. For extraction, the
coef
function is preferred.
the log-likelihood of the fitted model.
the number of nonredundant response categories.
the fitted response frequencies.
the goodness of fit statistic including the likelihood ratio fitted vs. saturated model (G2), the degrees of freedom, and the p-value of the corresponding chi-square distribution.
the number of trees in a joint multinomial model.
the total number of observations per tree.
the vector of response frequencies.
the predicted probabilities for each response category.
a vector that identifies each tree.
structural constants passed to mptEM
.
the MPT model specification returned by mptspec
.
the optimization method used.
the return value of the optimization function.
References
Batchelder, W.H., & Riefer, D.M. (1999). Theoretical and empirical review of multinomial process tree modeling. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 57--86. 10.3758/bf03210812
Erdfelder, E., Auer, T., Hilbig, B.E., Assfalg, A., Moshagen, M., & Nadarevic, L. (2009). Multinomial processing tree models: A review of the literature. Zeitschrift fuer Psychologie, 217, 108--124. 10.1027/0044-3409.217.3.108
Riefer, D.M., & Batchelder, W.H. (1988). Multinomial modeling and the measurement of cognitive processes. Psychological Review, 95, 318--339. 10.1037/0033-295x.95.3.318
See Also
mptEM
, mptspec
, simulate.mpt
,
plot.mpt
, residuals.mpt
,
logLik.mpt
, vcov.mpt
, optim
.
Examples
# NOT RUN {
## Storage-retrieval model for pair clustering (Riefer & Batchelder, 1988)
data(retroact)
spec <- mptspec(
c*r,
(1 - c)*u^2,
2*(1 - c)*u*(1 - u),
c*(1 - r) + (1 - c)*(1 - u)^2,
u,
1 - u
)
m <- mpt(spec, retroact[retroact$lists == 0, ])
summary(m) # parameter estimates, goodness of fit
plot(m) # residuals versus predicted values
confint(m) # approximate confidence intervals
plot(coef(m), axes = FALSE, ylim = 0:1, pch = 16, xlab = "",
ylab="Parameter estimate (MPT model, 95% CI)")
axis(1, 1:3, names(coef(m))); axis(2)
arrows(1:3, plogis(confint(m))[, 1], 1:3, plogis(confint(m))[, 2],
.05, 90, 3)
## See data(package = "mpt") for application examples.
# }