Run passes stochastic forward passes with Dropout active at prediction time.
Each pass samples a dropout mask and produces predictions, simulating epistemic
uncertainty.
.mc_dropout_forward(model, x, passes, output_dim)A numeric array of shape [passes, n_obs, output_dim].
Fitted Keras model for one smooth term.
Input matrix (converted to TensorFlow tensor internally).
Number of stochastic passes (>=2).
Expected number of outputs per observation (e.g., 1 = mean only, 3 = quantile heads (lwr, upr, mean)).
Ines Ortega-Fernandez, Marta Sestelo