The residuals at level $i$ are obtained by subtracting the fitted
levels at that level from the response vector (and dividing
by the estimated within-group standard error, if
type="pearson"). The fitted values at level $i$ are obtained
by adding together the population fitted values (based only on the
fixed effects estimates) and the estimated contributions of the random
effects to the fitted values at grouping levels less or equal to
$i$.
Usage
## S3 method for class 'lme':
residuals(object, level, type, asList, \dots)
Arguments
Value
if a single level of grouping is specified in level, the
returned value is either a list with the residuals split by groups
(asList = TRUE) or a vector with the residuals
(asList = FALSE); else, when multiple grouping levels are
specified in level, the returned object is a data frame with
columns given by the residuals at different levels and the grouping
factors. For a vector or data frame result the naresid
method is applied.
References
Bates, D.M. and Pinheiro, J.C. (1998) "Computational methods for
multilevel models" available in PostScript or PDF formats at
http://franz.stat.wisc.edu/pub/NLME/