A sample dataset to examine the effects of welfare waiver programs on welfare caseloads in the United States.
data(welfare)A data frame
state name
state id
time trend in months (oct1986 = 1, nov1986 = 2, etc.)
1 if the state is treated, 0 otherwise
1 if the state is treated and post-intervention, 0 otherwise
Natural log of per-capita welfare caseload
Maximum combined AFDC/Food Stamps benefits for a family of three (in hundred dollar per month)
unemployment rate
Natural log of employment-to-population ratio
seasonal dummy (apr-jun)
seasonal dummy (jul-sep
seasonal dummy (oct-dec)
welfare caseload
population
raw employment-to-population ratio
1 if the state is in the south, 0 otherwise
1 if the state is a control unit, 0 otherwise
Number of preintervention periods for the state (=117 if control state)
Chan, M. K., & Kwok, S. S. (2022). The PCDID approach: difference-in-differences when trends are potentially unparallel and stochastic. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 40(3), 1216-1233.