The persval package provides functions for computing personal values scores from various questionnaires based on the theoretical constructs proposed by Schwartz (Schwartz, 1992, 1996, 2015; Schwartz et al., 2017). Designed to assist researchers and practitioners in psychology, sociology, and related fields, the package facilitates the quantification of different dimensions related to personal values from survey data and the graphical representation of their relative importance. It incorporates the recommended statistical adjustment (ipsatization) to enhance the accuracy and interpretation of the results.
Maintainer: Giuseppe Corbelli giuseppe.corbelli@uninettunouniversity.net (ORCID)
Supported questionnaires within the package include:
svs: the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS-57), comprising 57 items measured on a 9-point Likert-type scale, ranging from -1 to 7 (Schwartz, 1992).
pvq40: the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40), comprising 40 items measured on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 6 (Schwartz, 2006; Schwartz et al., 2001).
pvq21: the shortened version of PVQ used in the European Social Survey (PVQ-21/ESS-21), comprising 21 items measured on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 6 (Schwartz, 2003).
twivi: the Twenty Item Values Inventory (TwIVI), comprising 20 items measured on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 6 (Sandy et al., 2017).
tivi: the Ten Item Values Inventory (TIVI), comprising 10 items measured on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 6 (Sandy et al., 2017).
The package includes functions to generate spider charts that graphically depict the relative importance of each of the ten basic personal values and the four higher order values, making it easier to present, interpret, and confront visually an individual's or group's value orientation:
tenvalplot: Function to plot spider charts for ten basic personal values.
fourvalplot: Function to plot spider charts for four higher order personal values.
Closs, S. J. (1996). On the factoring and interpretation of ipsative data. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(1), 41-47. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1996.tb00598.x
Cornwell, J. M., & Dunlap, W. P. (1994). On the questionable soundness of factoring ipsative data: A response to Saville and Willson (1991). Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 89-100. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1994.tb00553.x
Rudnev, M. (2021). Caveats of non-ipsatization of basic values: A review of issues and a simulation study. Journal of Research in Personality, 93, 104-118. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104118
Sandy, C. J., Gosling, S. D., Schwartz, S. H., & Koelkebeck, T. (2017). The development and validation of brief and ultrabrief measures of values. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(5), 545-555. doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1231115
Saris, W. E. (Ed.). (1988). Variation in response functions: A source of measurement error in attitude research. Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6
Schwartz, S. H. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory of integrated value systems. In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 8, pp. 1-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., & Harris, M. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542. doi:10.1177/0022022101032005001
Schwartz, S. H. (2003). A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Questionnaire package of the European Social Survey, 259(290), 261.
Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Basic human values: Theory, measurement, and applications. Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 47, 929-968.
Schwartz, S. H. (2015). Basic individual values: Sources and consequences. In D. Sander & T. Brosch (Eds.), Handbook of value (pp. 63-84). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716600.003.0004
Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Torres, C., Dirilem-Gumus, O., & Butenko, T. (2017). Value tradeoffs propel and inhibit behavior: Validating the 19 refined values in four countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 241–258. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2228
Smith, P. B. (2004). Acquiescent response bias as an aspect of cultural communications style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(1), 50-61. doi:10.1177/0022022103260380
Van Rosmalen, J., Van Herk, H., & Groenen, P. J. F. (2010). Identifying response styles: A latent-class bilinear multinomial logit model. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(1), 157-172. doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.1.157
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