# First, create a pdata.frame data("EmplUK", package = "plm") Em <- pdata.frame(EmplUK) # Then extract a series, which becomes additionally a pseries z <- Em$output class(z) # compute the first and third lag, and the difference lagged twice lag(z) lag(z, 3) diff(z, 2) # compute negative lags (= leading values) lag(z, -1) lead(z, 1) # same as line above identical(lead(z, 1), lag(z, -1)) # TRUE # compute more than one lag at once lag(z, c(1,2))
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