These functions compute and return the auto-distance/similarity matrix between either rows or columns of a matrix/data frame, or a list, as well as the cross-distance matrix between two matrices/data frames/lists.
dist(x, y = NULL, method = NULL, ..., diag = FALSE, upper = FALSE,
pairwise = FALSE, by_rows = TRUE, convert_similarities = TRUE,
auto_convert_data_frames = TRUE)
simil(x, y = NULL, method = NULL, ..., diag = FALSE, upper = FALSE,
pairwise = FALSE, by_rows = TRUE, convert_distances = TRUE,
auto_convert_data_frames = TRUE)pr_dist2simil(x)
pr_simil2dist(x)
as.dist(x, FUN = NULL)
as.simil(x, FUN = NULL)
# S3 method for dist
as.matrix(x, diag = 0, …)
# S3 method for simil
as.matrix(x, diag = NA, …)
For dist and simil, a numeric matrix object, a data frame, or a list. A vector
will be converted into a column matrix. For as.simil and
as.dist, an object of class dist and
simil, respectively, or a numeric matrix. For
pr_dist2simil and pr_simil2dist, any numeric vector.
NULL, or a similar object than x
a function, a registry entry, or a mnemonic string referencing the
proximity measure. A list of all available measures can be obtained
using pr_DB (see examples). The default for dist is
"Euclidean", and for simil "correlation".
logical value indicating whether the diagonal of the
distance/similarity matrix should be printed by
print.dist/print.simil. Note that the
diagonal values are never stored in dist objects.
In the context of as.matrix the value to use on the diagonal
representing self-proximities. In case of similarities, this
defaults to NA since a priori there are no upper bounds, so
the maximum similarity needs to be specified by the user.
logical value indicating whether the upper triangle of the
distance/similarity matrix should be printed by
print.dist/print.simil
logical value indicating whether distances should be
computed for the pairs of x and y only.
logical indicating whether proximities between rows, or columns should be computed.
logical indicating whether distances should be automatically converted into similarities (and the other way round) if needed.
logical indicating whether data frames should be converted to matrices if all variables are numeric, or all are logical, or all are complex.
optional function to be used by as.dist and
as.simil. If NULL, it is looked up in the method
registry. If there is none specified there, FUN defaults to
pr_simil2dist and pr_dist2simil, respectively.
further arguments passed to the proximity function.
Auto distances/similarities are returned as an object of class dist/simil and
cross-distances/similarities as an object of class crossdist/crosssimil.
The interface is fashioned after dist, but can
also compute cross-distances, and allows user extensions by means of
registry of all proximity measures (see pr_DB).
Missing values are allowed but are excluded from all computations
involving the rows within which they occur. If some columns are
excluded in calculating a Euclidean, Manhattan, Canberra or
Minkowski distance, the sum is scaled up proportionally to the
number of columns used (compare dist in
package stats).
Data frames are silently coerced to matrix if all columns are of
(same) mode numeric or logical.
Distance measures can be used with simil, and similarity
measures with dist. In these cases, the result is transformed
accordingly using the specified coercion functions (default:
\(pr\_simil2dist(x) = 1 - abs(x)\) and \(pr\_dist2simil(x) = 1 / (1 + x)\)).
Objects of class simil and dist can be converted one in
another using as.dist and as.simil, respectively.
Distance and similarity objects can conveniently be subset (see examples). Note that duplicate indexes are silently ignored.
Anderberg, M.R. (1973), Cluster analysis for applications, 359 pp., Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.
Cox, M.F. and Cox, M.A.A. (2001), Multidimensional Scaling, Chapman and Hall.
Sokol, R.S. and Sneath P.H.A (1963), Principles of Numerical Taxonomy, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
dist for compatibility information, and
pr_DB for the proximity data base.
# NOT RUN {
### show available proximities
summary(pr_DB)
### get more information about a particular one
pr_DB$get_entry("Jaccard")
### binary data
x <- matrix(sample(c(FALSE, TRUE), 8, rep = TRUE), ncol = 2)
dist(x, method = "Jaccard")
### for real-valued data
dist(x, method = "eJaccard")
### for positive real-valued data
dist(x, method = "fJaccard")
### cross distances
dist(x, x, method = "Jaccard")
### pairwise (diagonal)
dist(x, x, method = "Jaccard",
pairwise = TRUE)
### this is the same but less efficient
as.matrix(stats::dist(x, method = "binary"))
### numeric data
x <- matrix(rnorm(16), ncol = 4)
## test inheritance of names
rownames(x) <- LETTERS[1:4]
colnames(x) <- letters[1:4]
dist(x)
dist(x, x)
## custom distance function
f <- function(x, y) sum(x * y)
dist(x, f)
## working with lists
z <- unlist(apply(x, 1, list), recursive = FALSE)
(d <- dist(z))
dist(z, z)
## subsetting
d[[1:2]]
subset(d, c(1,3,4))
d[[c(1,2,2)]] # duplicate index gets ignored
## transformations and self-proximities
as.matrix(as.simil(d, function(x) exp(-x)), diag = 1)
## row and column indexes
row.dist(d)
col.dist(d)
# }