# psych v1.3.12

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## Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research

A number of routines for personality, psychometrics and experimental psychology. Functions are primarily for scale construction using factor analysis, cluster analysis and reliability analysis, although others provide basic descriptive statistics. Item Response Theory is done using factor analysis of tetrachoric and polychoric correlations. Functions for simulating particular item and test structures are included. Several functions serve as a useful front end for structural equation modeling. Graphical displays of path diagrams, factor analysis and structural equation models are created using basic graphics. Some of the functions are written to support a book on psychometrics as well as publications in personality research. For more information, see the personality-project.org/r webpage.

## Functions in psych

 Name Description Schmid 12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation ICLUST.rgraph Draw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz package bfi 25 Personality items representing 5 factors bi.bars Draw pairs of bargraphs based on two groups cosinor Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data diagram Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams ICLUST.cluster Function to form hierarchical cluster analysis of items cor.smooth Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite ICLUST.sort Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings factor2cluster Extract cluster definitions from factor loadings Promax Perform bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles. VSS Apply the Very Simple Structure and MAP criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors. comorbidity Convert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachorics biplot.psych Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings cta Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation 00.psych A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research cluster.cor Find correlations of composite variables from a larger matrix Harman.8 Correlations of eight physical variables (from Harman, 1966) bock Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT cluster.plot Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading. eigen.loadings Convert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadings Harman Two data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt Tucker 9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973) Gorsuch Example data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension. predict.psych Prediction function for factor analysis or principal components circ.tests Apply four tests of circumplex versus simple structure factor.fit How well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS package factor.scores Various ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis model error.crosses Plot x and y error bars count.pairwise Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data. ellipses Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses SD Find the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no cases describeBy Basic summary statistics by group draw.tetra Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation polar Convert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinates iclust.diagram Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram cortest.bartlett Bartlett's test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrix burt 11 emotional variables from Burt (1915) galton Galton's Mid parent child height data blot Bond's Logical Operations Test -- BLOT irt.fa Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations VSS.plot Plot VSS fits fa.sort Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings KMO Find the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy factor.rotate Hand" rotate a factor loading matrix alpha Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6. irt.1p Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model fa.extension Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables correct.cor Find dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilities errorCircles Two way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizes omega.graph Graph hierarchical factor structures thurstone Thurstone Case V scaling VSS.parallel Compare real and random VSS solutions logistic Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x Harman.5 5 socio-economic variables from Harman (1967) read.clipboard shortcut for reading from the clipboard scaling.fits Test the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling. cor.wt The sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated data parcels Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items scrub A utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA. corr.test Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame. headTail Combine calls to head and tail error.bars Plot means and confidence intervals spider Make "radar" or "spider" plots. winsor Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame print.psych Print and summary functions for the psych class splitHalf Alternative estimates of test reliabiity p.rep Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size matrix.addition A function to add two vectors or matrices withinBetween An example of the distinction between within group and between group correlations structure.diagram Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model cushny A data set from Cushny and Peebles (1905) on the effect of three drugs on hours of sleep, used by Student (1908) test.psych Testing of functions in the psych package heights A data.frame of the Galton (1888) height and cubit data set. cluster2keys Convert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters. sim.multilevel Simulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlations cities Distances between 11 US cities multi.hist Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page cor.ci Bootstrapped confidence intervals for raw and composite correlations factor.residuals R* = R- F F' interp.median Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame corFiml Find a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing data sim.item Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure harmonic.mean Find the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.frame kaiser Apply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factors irt.responses Plot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent trait glb.algebraic Find the greatest lower bound to reliability. cubits Galton's example of the relationship between height and 'cubit' or forearm length phi Find the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variables cluster.loadings Find item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliability iqitems 16 multiple choice IQ items geometric.mean Find the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame. cortest.mat Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal. make.keys Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor structure.list Create factor model matrices from an input list omega Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation plot.psych Plotting functions for the psych package of class psych" sim Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data. sim.congeneric Simulate a congeneric data set mssd Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences sim.structure Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model phi2tetra Convert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlation ICLUST.graph create control code for ICLUST graphical output score.multiple.choice Score multiple choice items and provide basic test statistics Dwyer 8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example. partial.r Find the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed. paired.r Test the difference between (un)paired correlations irt.item.diff.rasch Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts score.irt Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items neo NEO correlation matrix from the NEO_PI_R manual income US family income from US census 2008 pairs.panels SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix r.test Tests of significance for correlations block.random Create a block randomized structure for n independent variables iclust iclust: Item Cluster Analysis -- Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles phi.demo A simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelation principal Principal components analysis (PCA) VSS.scree Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test dummy.code Create dummy coded variables superMatrix Form a super matrix from two sub matrices. error.bars.by Plot means and confidence intervals for multiple groups df2latex Convert a data frame, correlation matrix, or factor analysis output to a LaTeX table scatter.hist Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densitie and correlation polychor.matrix Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix affect Two data sets of affect and arousal scores as a function of personality and movie conditions sim.anova Simulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures. set.cor Set Correlation and Multiple Regression from matrix or raw input fisherz Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals mardia Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame describe Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics Bechtoldt Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution. mixed.cor Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables smc Find the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrix cor2dist Convert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data) score.alpha Score scales and find Cronbach's alpha as well as associated statistics tr Find the trace of a square matrix reverse.code Reverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysis sim.hierarchical Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure. vegetables Paired comparison of preferences for 9 vegetables cohen.kappa Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters epi.bfi 13 personality scales from the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Big 5 inventory fa.diagram Graph factor loading matrices lowerUpper Combine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the other peas Galtons Peas tetrachoric Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input mat.sort Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings score.items Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations residuals.psych Extract residuals from various psych objects factor.stats Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components fa.parallel Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random parallel" matrices table2matrix Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts. msq 75 mood items from the Motivational State Questionnaire for 3896 participants sat.act 3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACT fa Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood statsBy Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses simulation.circ Simulations of circumplex and simple structure factor.model Find R = F F' + U2 is the basic factor model factor.congruence Coefficient of factor congruence rangeCorrection Correct correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2) ICC Intraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss) cluster.fit cluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrix sim.VSS create VSS like data rescale Function to convert scores to conventional " metrics Harman.political Eight political variables used by Harman (1967) as example 8.17 Yule From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient. cor.plot Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix psych.misc Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package No Results!