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psych (version 2.3.6)

Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research

Description

A general purpose toolbox developed originally for personality, psychometric theory and experimental psychology. Functions are primarily for multivariate analysis and scale construction using factor analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and reliability analysis, although others provide basic descriptive statistics. Item Response Theory is done using factor analysis of tetrachoric and polychoric correlations. Functions for analyzing data at multiple levels include within and between group statistics, including correlations and factor analysis. Validation and cross validation of scales developed using basic machine learning algorithms are provided, as are functions for simulating and testing particular item and test structures. Several functions serve as a useful front end for structural equation modeling. Graphical displays of path diagrams, including mediation models, factor analysis and structural equation models are created using basic graphics. Some of the functions are written to support a book on psychometric theory as well as publications in personality research. For more information, see the web page.

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install.packages('psych')

Monthly Downloads

150,960

Version

2.3.6

License

GPL (>= 2)

Maintainer

Last Published

June 21st, 2023

Functions in psych (2.3.6)

ICC

Intraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)
Gorsuch

Example data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.
iclust

iclust: Item Cluster Analysis -- Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
KMO

Find the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
Pinv

Compute the Moore-Penrose Pseudo Inverse of a matrix
alpha

Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
Harman

Five data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt
00.psych

A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research
VSS.parallel

Compare real and random VSS solutions
anova.psych

Model comparison for regression, mediation, and factor analysis
Garcia

Data from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)
VSS.plot

Plot VSS fits
Gleser

Example data from Gleser, Cronbach and Rajaratnam (1965) to show basic principles of generalizability theory.
Bechtoldt

Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
bigCor

Find large correlation matrices by stitching together smaller ones found more rapidly
bock

Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
ICLUST.cluster

Function to form hierarchical cluster analysis of items
ICLUST.rgraph

Draw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz package
cattell

12 cognitive variables from Cattell (1963)
AUC

Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
Tucker

9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)
ICLUST.sort

Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings
VSS

Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
SD

Find the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no cases
ICLUST.graph

create control code for ICLUST graphical output
cohen.d

Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
Promax

Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
comorbidity

Convert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachorics
congruence

Matrix and profile congruences and distances
corCi

Bootstrapped and normal confidence intervals for raw and composite correlations
RMSEA

Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation from chisq, df, and n
bassAckward

The Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberg
biplot.psych

Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings
bfi

25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bestScales

A bootstrap aggregation function for choosing most predictive unit weighted items
block.random

Create a block randomized structure for n independent variables
bi.bars

Draw pairs of bargraphs based on two groups
densityBy

Create a 'violin plot' or density plot of the distribution of a set of variables
fa.poly

Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
Schmid

12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
pairwiseCount

Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
cta

Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation
VSS.scree

Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
Yule

From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
correct.cor

Find dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilities
circ.tests

Apply four tests of circumplex versus simple structure
diagram

Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
cortest.bartlett

Bartlett's test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrix
cor.wt

The sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated data
cor2dist

Convert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)
draw.tetra

Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation
scoreOverlap

Find correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.
corPlot

Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
cor.smooth

Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
error.bars

Plot means and confidence intervals
error.bars.by

Plot means and confidence intervals for multiple groups
cluster.fit

cluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrix
eigen.loadings

Convert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadings
fa.extension

Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
cortest

Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
cluster.loadings

Find item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliability
ellipses

Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
corFiml

Find a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing data
fa.lookup

A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
corr.test

Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
factor.rotate

``Hand" rotate a factor loading matrix
cosinor

Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
factor.scores

Various ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis model
describe

Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
describeBy

Basic summary statistics by group
cluster.plot

Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
cluster2keys

Convert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.
fisherz

Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
errorCircles

Two way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizes
fparse

Parse and exten formula input from a model and return the DV, IV, and associated terms.
error.dots

Show a dot.chart with error bars for different groups or variables
partial.r

Find the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.
error.crosses

Plot x and y error bars
esem

Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
factor.congruence

Coefficient of factor congruence
fa.parallel

Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random ``parallel" matrices
factor.model

Find R = F F' + U2 is the basic factor model
dummy.code

Create dummy coded variables
fa.multi

Multi level (hierarchical) factor analysis
Dwyer

8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.
factor.fit

How well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS package
phi

Find the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variables
faRotations

Multiple rotations of factor loadings to find local minima
fa.random

A first approximation to Random Effects Exploratory Factor Analysis
factor.residuals

R* = R- F F'
headTail

Combine calls to head and tail
plot.psych

Plotting functions for the psych package of class ``psych"
fa

Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
cohen.kappa

Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters
iclust.diagram

Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
splitHalf

Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
harmonic.mean

Find the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.frame
fa.diagram

Graph factor loading matrices
polar

Convert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinates
schmid

Apply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrix
irt.responses

Plot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent trait
logistic

Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
factor.stats

Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components
irt.item.diff.rasch

Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
fa.sort

Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings
irt.1p

Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
faCor

Correlations between two factor analysis solutions
score.alpha

Score scales and find Cronbach's alpha as well as associated statistics
sim.anova

Simulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.
factor2cluster

Extract cluster definitions from factor loadings
mssd

Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences
kaiser

Apply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factors
interp.median

Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
multi.hist

Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
sim.congeneric

Simulate a congeneric data set with or without minor factors
irt.fa

Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
matrix.addition

A function to add two vectors or matrices
manhattan

"Manhattan" plots of correlations with a set of criteria.
phi.demo

A simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelation
smc

Find the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrix
spider

Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
mediate

Estimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path models
pairs.panels

SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
phi2tetra

Convert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlation
mat.sort

Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings
psych.misc

Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
print.psych

Print and summary functions for the psych class
structure.list

Create factor model matrices from an input list
superMatrix

Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.
rangeCorrection

Correct correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)
reliability

Reports 7 different estimates of scale reliabity including alpha, omega, split half
mixedCor

Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables
parcels

Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
p.rep

Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
rescale

Function to convert scores to ``conventional " metrics
geometric.mean

Find the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.
r.test

Tests of significance for correlations
paired.r

Test the difference between (un)paired correlations
polychor.matrix

Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
reverse.code

Reverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysis
residuals.psych

Extract residuals from various psych objects
glb.algebraic

Find the greatest lower bound to reliability.
lowerUpper

Combine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the other
simulation.circ

Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
mardia

Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
sat.act

3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACT
predict.psych

Prediction function for factor analysis, principal components (pca), bestScales
testRetest

Find various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliability
sim

Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
tetrachoric

Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
scoreIrt

Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
sim.VSS

create VSS like data
test.irt

A simple demonstration (and test) of various IRT scoring algorthims.
withinBetween

An example of the distinction between within group and between group correlations
sim.hierarchical

Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
scoreItems

Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
sim.irt

Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
sim.omega

Further functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
make.keys

Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
multilevel.reliability

Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data
sim.structure

Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
thurstone

Thurstone Case V scaling
tr

Find the trace of a square matrix
test.psych

Testing of functions in the psych package
omega

Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
scrub

A utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.
omega.graph

Graph hierarchical factor structures
lmCor

Multiple Regression and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
statsBy

Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
structure.diagram

Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
unidim

Several indices of the unidimensionality of a set of variables.
outlier

Find and graph Mahalanobis squared distances to detect outliers
predicted.validity

Find the predicted validities of a set of scales based on item statistics
winsor

Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
principal

Principal components analysis (PCA)
scaling.fits

Test the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.
scatterHist

Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlation
score.multiple.choice

Score multiple choice items and provide basic test statistics
scoreWtd

Score items using regression or correlation based weights
sim.item

Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
sim.multilevel

Simulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlations
table2matrix

Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
Tal_Or

Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence