psychometric (version 2.4)

SE.Meas: Standard Errors of Measurement (test scores)

Description

These functions will calculate the three Standard Errors of Measurement as described by Dudek(1979). They are useful in constructing CI about observed scores, true scores and predicting observed scores on parallel measures.

Usage

SE.Meas(s, rxx)
SE.Est (s, rxx)
SE.Pred(sy, rxx)

Value

The returned value is the appropriate standard error

Arguments

s

Standard Deviation in tests scores on test x

sy

Standard Deviation in tests scores on parallel test y = x

rxx

Reliability of test x

Author

Thomas D. Fletcher

Details

Dudek (1979) notes that in practice, individuals often misinterpret the SEM. In fact, most textbooks misinterpret these measures. The SE.Meas \((s*sqrt(1-rxx))\) is useful in the construction of CI about observed scores, but should not be interpreted as indicating the TRUE SCORE is necessarily included in the CI. The SE.Est \((s*sqrt(rxx*(1-rxx)))\) is useful in the construction of CI about the TRUE SCORE. The estimate of a CI for a TRUE SCORE also requires the calculation of a TRUE SCORE (due to regression to the mean) from observed scores. The SE.Pred \((sy*sqrt(1-rxx^2))\) is useful in predicting the score on a parallel measure (Y) given a score on test X. SE.Pred is usually used to estimate the score of a re-test of an individual.

References

Dudek, F. J. (1979). The continuing misinterpretation of the standard error of measurement. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 335-337.

Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

See Also

Est.true, CI.obs, CI.tscore

Examples

# Examples from Dudek (1979)
# Suppose a test has mean = 500, SD = 100 rxx = .9
# If an individual scores 700 on the test
# The three SE are:
SE.Meas (100, .9)
SE.Est (100, .9)
SE.Pred (100, 9)

# CI about the true score
CI.tscore(700, 500, 100, .9)

# CI about the observed score
CI.obs(700, 100, .9)