anova.rms
Analysis of Variance (Wald and F Statistics)
The anova
function automatically tests most meaningful hypotheses
in a design. For example, suppose that age and cholesterol are
predictors, and that a general interaction is modeled using a restricted
spline surface. anova
prints Wald statistics (\(F\) statistics
for an ols
fit) for testing linearity of age, linearity of
cholesterol, age effect (age + age by cholesterol interaction),
cholesterol effect (cholesterol + age by cholesterol interaction),
linearity of the age by cholesterol interaction (i.e., adequacy of the
simple age * cholesterol 1 d.f. product), linearity of the interaction
in age alone, and linearity of the interaction in cholesterol
alone. Joint tests of all interaction terms in the model and all
nonlinear terms in the model are also performed. For any multiple
d.f. effects for continuous variables that were not modeled through
rcs
, pol
, lsp
, etc., tests of linearity will be
omitted. This applies to matrix predictors produced by e.g.
poly
or ns
. print.anova.rms
is the printing
method. plot.anova.rms
draws dot charts depicting the importance
of variables in the model, as measured by Wald \(\chi^2\),
\(\chi^2\) minus d.f., AIC, \(P\)-values, partial
\(R^2\), \(R^2\) for the whole model after deleting the effects in
question, or proportion of overall model \(R^2\) that is due to each
predictor. latex.anova.rms
is the latex
method. It
substitutes Greek/math symbols in column headings, uses boldface for
TOTAL
lines, and constructs a caption. Then it passes the result
to latex.default
for conversion to LaTeX.
The print
method calls latex
or html
methods
depending on options(prType=)
, and output is to the console. For
latex
a table
environment is not used and an ordinary
tabular
is produced.
html.anova.rms
just calls latex.anova.rms
.
- Keywords
- models, regression, htest, aplot
Usage
# S3 method for rms
anova(object, …, main.effect=FALSE, tol=1e-9,
test=c('F','Chisq'), india=TRUE, indnl=TRUE, ss=TRUE,
vnames=c('names','labels'))# S3 method for anova.rms
print(x,
which=c('none','subscripts','names','dots'),
table.env=FALSE, …)
# S3 method for anova.rms
plot(x,
what=c("chisqminusdf","chisq","aic","P","partial R2","remaining R2",
"proportion R2", "proportion chisq"),
xlab=NULL, pch=16,
rm.totals=TRUE, rm.ia=FALSE, rm.other=NULL, newnames,
sort=c("descending","ascending","none"), margin=c('chisq','P'),
pl=TRUE, trans=NULL, ntrans=40, height=NULL, width=NULL, …)
# S3 method for anova.rms
latex(object, title, dec.chisq=2,
dec.F=2, dec.ss=NA, dec.ms=NA, dec.P=4, table.env=TRUE,
caption=NULL, …)
# S3 method for anova.rms
html(object, …)
Arguments
- object
a
rms
fit object.object
must allowvcov
to return the variance-covariance matrix. Forlatex
is the result ofanova
.- …
If omitted, all variables are tested, yielding tests for individual factors and for pooled effects. Specify a subset of the variables to obtain tests for only those factors, with a pooled Wald tests for the combined effects of all factors listed. Names may be abbreviated. For example, specify
anova(fit,age,cholesterol)
to get a Wald statistic for testing the joint importance of age, cholesterol, and any factor interacting with them.Can be optional graphical parameters to send to
dotchart2
, or other parameters to send tolatex.default
. Ignored forprint
.For
html.anova.rms
the arguments are passed tolatex.anova.rms
.- main.effect
Set to
TRUE
to print the (usually meaningless) main effect tests even when the factor is involved in an interaction. The default isFALSE
, to print only the effect of the main effect combined with all interactions involving that factor.- tol
singularity criterion for use in matrix inversion
- test
For an
ols
fit, settest="Chisq"
to use Wald \(\chi^2\) tests rather than F-tests.- india
set to
FALSE
to exclude individual tests of interaction from the table- indnl
set to
FALSE
to exclude individual tests of nonlinearity from the table- ss
For an
ols
fit, setss=FALSE
to suppress printing partial sums of squares, mean squares, and the Error SS and MS.- vnames
set to
'labels'
to use variable labels rather than variable names in the output- x
for
print,plot,text
is the result ofanova
.- which
If
which
is not"none"
(the default),print.anova.rms
will add to the rightmost column of the output the list of parameters being tested by the hypothesis being tested in the current row. Specifyingwhich="subscripts"
causes the subscripts of the regression coefficients being tested to be printed (with a subscript of one for the first non-intercept term).which="names"
prints the names of the terms being tested, andwhich="dots"
prints dots for terms being tested and blanks for those just being adjusted for.- what
what type of statistic to plot. The default is the Wald \(\chi^2\) statistic for each factor (adding in the effect of higher-ordered factors containing that factor) minus its degrees of freedom. The R2 choices for
what
only apply tools
models.- xlab
x-axis label, default is constructed according to
what
.plotmath
symbols are used for R, by default.- pch
character for plotting dots in dot charts. Default is 16 (solid dot).
- rm.totals
set to
FALSE
to keep total \(\chi^2\)s (overall, nonlinear, interaction totals) in the chart.- rm.ia
set to
TRUE
to omit any effect that has"*"
in its name- rm.other
a list of other predictor names to omit from the chart
- newnames
a list of substitute predictor names to use, after omitting any.
- sort
default is to sort bars in descending order of the summary statistic
- margin
set to a vector of character strings to write text for selected statistics in the right margin of the dot chart. The character strings can be any combination of
"chisq"
,"d.f."
,"P"
,"partial R2"
,"proportion R2"
, and"proportion chisq"
. Default is to not draw any statistics in the margin. Whenplotly
is in effect, margin values are instead displayed as hover text.- pl
set to
FALSE
to suppress plotting. This is useful when you only wish to analyze the vector of statistics returned.- trans
set to a function to apply that transformation to the statistics being plotted, and to truncate negative values at zero. A good choice is
trans=sqrt
.- ntrans
n
argument topretty
, specifying the number of values for which to place tick marks. This should be larger than usual because of nonlinear scaling, to provide a sufficient number of tick marks on the left (stretched) part of the chi-square scale.- height,width
height and width of
plotly
plots drawn usingdotchartp
, in pixels. Ignored for ordinary plots. Defaults to minimum of 400 and 100 + 25 times the number of test statistics displayed.- title
title to pass to
latex
, default is name of fit object passed toanova
prefixed with"anova."
. For Windows, the default is"ano"
followed by the first 5 letters of the name of the fit object.- dec.chisq
number of places to the right of the decimal place for typesetting \(\chi^2\) values (default is
2
). Use zero for integer,NA
for floating point.- dec.F
digits to the right for \(F\) statistics (default is
2
)- dec.ss
digits to the right for sums of squares (default is
NA
, indicating floating point)- dec.ms
digits to the right for mean squares (default is
NA
)- dec.P
digits to the right for \(P\)-values
- table.env
see
latex
- caption
caption for table if
table.env
isTRUE
. Default is constructed from the response variable.
Details
If the statistics being plotted with plot.anova.rms
are few in
number and one of them is negative or zero, plot.anova.rms
will quit because of an error in dotchart2
.
Value
anova.rms
returns a matrix of class anova.rms
containing factors
as rows and \(\chi^2\), d.f., and \(P\)-values as
columns (or d.f., partial \(SS, MS, F, P\)). An attribute
vinfo
provides list of variables involved in each row and the
type of test done.
plot.anova.rms
invisibly returns the vector of quantities
plotted. This vector has a names attribute describing the terms for
which the statistics in the vector are calculated.
Side Effects
print
prints, latex
creates a
file with a name of the form "title.tex"
(see the title
argument above).
See Also
rms
, rmsMisc
, lrtest
,
rms.trans
, summary.rms
, plot.Predict
,
ggplot.Predict
, solvet
,
locator
,
dotchart2
, latex
,
xYplot
, anova.lm
,
contrast.rms
, pantext
Examples
# NOT RUN {
n <- 1000 # define sample size
set.seed(17) # so can reproduce the results
treat <- factor(sample(c('a','b','c'), n,TRUE))
num.diseases <- sample(0:4, n,TRUE)
age <- rnorm(n, 50, 10)
cholesterol <- rnorm(n, 200, 25)
weight <- rnorm(n, 150, 20)
sex <- factor(sample(c('female','male'), n,TRUE))
label(age) <- 'Age' # label is in Hmisc
label(num.diseases) <- 'Number of Comorbid Diseases'
label(cholesterol) <- 'Total Cholesterol'
label(weight) <- 'Weight, lbs.'
label(sex) <- 'Sex'
units(cholesterol) <- 'mg/dl' # uses units.default in Hmisc
# Specify population model for log odds that Y=1
L <- .1*(num.diseases-2) + .045*(age-50) +
(log(cholesterol - 10)-5.2)*(-2*(treat=='a') +
3.5*(treat=='b')+2*(treat=='c'))
# Simulate binary y to have Prob(y=1) = 1/[1+exp(-L)]
y <- ifelse(runif(n) < plogis(L), 1, 0)
fit <- lrm(y ~ treat + scored(num.diseases) + rcs(age) +
log(cholesterol+10) + treat:log(cholesterol+10))
a <- anova(fit) # Test all factors
b <- anova(fit, treat, cholesterol) # Test these 2 by themselves
# to get their pooled effects
a
b
# Add a new line to the plot with combined effects
s <- rbind(a, 'treat+cholesterol'=b['TOTAL',])
class(s) <- 'anova.rms'
plot(s, margin=c('chisq', 'proportion chisq'))
g <- lrm(y ~ treat*rcs(age))
dd <- datadist(treat, num.diseases, age, cholesterol)
options(datadist='dd')
p <- Predict(g, age, treat="b")
s <- anova(g)
# Usually omit fontfamily to default to 'Courier'
# It's specified here to make R pass its package-building checks
plot(p, addpanel=pantext(s, 28, 1.9, fontfamily='Helvetica'))
plot(s, margin=c('chisq', 'proportion chisq'))
# new plot - dot chart of chisq-d.f. with 2 other stats in right margin
# latex(s) # nice printout - creates anova.g.tex
options(datadist=NULL)
# Simulate data with from a given model, and display exactly which
# hypotheses are being tested
set.seed(123)
age <- rnorm(500, 50, 15)
treat <- factor(sample(c('a','b','c'), 500, TRUE))
bp <- rnorm(500, 120, 10)
y <- ifelse(treat=='a', (age-50)*.05, abs(age-50)*.08) + 3*(treat=='c') +
pmax(bp, 100)*.09 + rnorm(500)
f <- ols(y ~ treat*lsp(age,50) + rcs(bp,4))
print(names(coef(f)), quote=FALSE)
specs(f)
anova(f)
an <- anova(f)
options(digits=3)
print(an, 'subscripts')
print(an, 'dots')
an <- anova(f, test='Chisq', ss=FALSE)
plot(0:1) # make some plot
tab <- pantext(an, 1.2, .6, lattice=FALSE, fontfamily='Helvetica')
# create function to write table; usually omit fontfamily
tab() # execute it; could do tab(cex=.65)
plot(an) # new plot - dot chart of chisq-d.f.
# Specify plot(an, trans=sqrt) to use a square root scale for this plot
# latex(an) # nice printout - creates anova.f.tex
## Example to save partial R^2 for all predictors, along with overall
## R^2, from two separate fits, and to combine them with a lattice plot
require(lattice)
set.seed(1)
n <- 100
x1 <- runif(n)
x2 <- runif(n)
y <- (x1-.5)^2 + x2 + runif(n)
group <- c(rep('a', n/2), rep('b', n/2))
A <- NULL
for(g in c('a','b')) {
f <- ols(y ~ pol(x1,2) + pol(x2,2) + pol(x1,2) %ia% pol(x2,2),
subset=group==g)
a <- plot(anova(f),
what='partial R2', pl=FALSE, rm.totals=FALSE, sort='none')
a <- a[-grep('NONLINEAR', names(a))]
d <- data.frame(group=g, Variable=factor(names(a), names(a)),
partialR2=unname(a))
A <- rbind(A, d)
}
dotplot(Variable ~ partialR2 | group, data=A,
xlab=ex <- expression(partial~R^2))
dotplot(group ~ partialR2 | Variable, data=A, xlab=ex)
dotplot(Variable ~ partialR2, groups=group, data=A, xlab=ex,
auto.key=list(corner=c(.5,.5)))
# Suppose that a researcher wants to make a big deal about a variable
# because it has the highest adjusted chi-square. We use the
# bootstrap to derive 0.95 confidence intervals for the ranks of all
# the effects in the model. We use the plot method for anova, with
# pl=FALSE to suppress actual plotting of chi-square - d.f. for each
# bootstrap repetition.
# It is important to tell plot.anova.rms not to sort the results, or
# every bootstrap replication would have ranks of 1,2,3,... for the stats.
n <- 300
set.seed(1)
d <- data.frame(x1=runif(n), x2=runif(n), x3=runif(n),
x4=runif(n), x5=runif(n), x6=runif(n), x7=runif(n),
x8=runif(n), x9=runif(n), x10=runif(n), x11=runif(n),
x12=runif(n))
d$y <- with(d, 1*x1 + 2*x2 + 3*x3 + 4*x4 + 5*x5 + 6*x6 +
7*x7 + 8*x8 + 9*x9 + 10*x10 + 11*x11 +
12*x12 + 9*rnorm(n))
f <- ols(y ~ x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7+x8+x9+x10+x11+x12, data=d)
B <- 20 # actually use B=1000
ranks <- matrix(NA, nrow=B, ncol=12)
rankvars <- function(fit)
rank(plot(anova(fit), sort='none', pl=FALSE))
Rank <- rankvars(f)
for(i in 1:B) {
j <- sample(1:n, n, TRUE)
bootfit <- update(f, data=d, subset=j)
ranks[i,] <- rankvars(bootfit)
}
lim <- t(apply(ranks, 2, quantile, probs=c(.025,.975)))
predictor <- factor(names(Rank), names(Rank))
Dotplot(predictor ~ Cbind(Rank, lim), pch=3, xlab='Rank')
# }