# plotSlopes

0th

Percentile

##### Generic function for plotting regressions and interaction effects

This is a function for plotting regression objects. So far, there is an implementation for lm() objects. I've been revising plotSlopes so that it should handle the work performed by plotCurves. As sure as that belief is verified, the plotCurves work will be handled by plotSlopes. Different plot types are created, depending on whether the x-axis predictor plotx is numeric or categorical. ##'

This is a "simple slope" plotter for regression objects created by lm() or similar functions that have capable predict methods with newdata arguments. The term "simple slopes" was coined by psychologists (Aiken and West, 1991; Cohen, et al 2002) for analysis of interaction effects for particular values of a moderating variable. The moderating variable may be continuous or categorical, lines will be plotted for focal values of that variable.

##### Usage
plotSlopes(model, plotx, ...)# S3 method for lm
plotSlopes(model, plotx, modx = NULL, n = 3,
modxVals = NULL, plotxRange = NULL, interval = c("none",
"confidence", "prediction"), plotPoints = TRUE, legendPct = TRUE,
legendArgs, llwd = 2, opacity = 100, ..., col = c("black", "blue",
"darkgreen", "red", "orange", "purple", "green3"), type = c("response",
"link"), gridArgs, width = 0.2)
##### Arguments
model

Required. A fitted Regression

plotx

Required. Name of one predictor from the fitted model to be plotted on horizontal axis. May be numeric or factor.

...

Additional arguments passed to methods. Often includes arguments that are passed to plot. Any arguments that customize plot output, such as lwd, cex, and so forth, may be supplied. These arguments intended for the predict method will be used: c("type", "se.fit", "interval", "level", "dispersion", "terms", "na.action")

modx

Optional. String for moderator variable name. May be either numeric or factor. If omitted, a single predicted value line will be drawn.

n

Optional. Number of focal values of modx, used by algorithms specified by modxVals; will be ignored if modxVals supplies a vector of focal values.

modxVals

Optional. Focal values of modx for which lines are desired. May be a vector of values or the name of an algorithm, "quantile", "std.dev.", or "table".

plotxRange

Optional. If not specified, the observed range of plotx will be used to determine the axis range.

interval

Optional. Intervals provided by the predict.lm may be supplied, either "confidence" (confidence interval for the estimated conditional mean) or "prediction" (interval for observed values of y given the rest of the model). The level can be specified as an argument (which goes into ... and then to the predict method)

plotPoints

Optional. TRUE or FALSE: Should the plot include the scatterplot points along with the lines.

legendPct

Default = TRUE. Variable labels print with sample percentages.

legendArgs

Set as "none" if no legend is desired. Otherwise, this can be a list of named arguments that will override the settings I have for the legend.

llwd

Optional, default = 2. Line widths for predicted values. Can be single value or a vector, which will be recycled as necessary.

opacity

Optional, default = 100. A number between 1 and 255. 1 means "transparent" or invisible, 255 means very dark. Determines the darkness of confidence interval regions

col

Optional.I offer my preferred color vector as default. Replace if you like. User may supply a vector of valid color names, or rainbow(10) or gray.colors(5). Color names will be recycled if there are more focal values of modx than colors provided.

type

Argument passed to the predict function. If model is glm, can be either "response" or "link". For lm, no argument of this type is needed, since both types have same value.

gridArgs

Only used if plotx (horizontal axis) is a factor variable. Designates reference lines between values. Set as "none" if no grid lines are needed. Default will be gridArgs = list(lwd = 0.3, lty = 5)

width

Only used if plotx (horizontal axis) is a factor. Designates thickness of shading for bars that depict confidence intervals.

##### Details

The original plotSlopes did not work well with nonlinear predictors (log(x) and poly(x)). The separate function plotCurves() was created for nonlinear predictive equations and generalized linear models, but the separation of the two functions was confusing for users. I've been working to make plotSlopes handle everything and plotCurves will disappear at some point. plotSlopes can create an object which is then tested with testSlopes() and that can be graphed by a plot method.

The argument plotx is the name of the horizontal plotting variable. An innovation was introduced in Version 1.8.33 so that plotx can be either numeric or categorical.

The argument modx is the moderator variable. It may be either a numeric or a factor variable. As of version 1.7, the modx argument may be omitted. A single predicted value line will be drawn. That version also introduced the arguments interval and n.

There are many ways to specify focal values using the arguments modxVals and n. This changed in rockchalk-1.7.0. If modxVals is omitted, a default algorithm for the variable type will be used to select n values for plotting. modxVals may be a vector of values (for a numeric moderator) or levels (for a factor). If modxVals is a vector of values, then the argument n is ignored. However, if modxVals is one of the name of one of the algorithms, "table", "quantile", or "std.dev.", then the argument n sets number of focal values to be selected. For numeric modx, n defaults to 3, but for factors modx will be the number of observed values of modx. If modxVals is omitted, the defaults will be used ("table" for factors, "quantile" for numeric variables).

For the predictors besides modx and plotx (the ones that are not explicitly included in the plot), predicted values are calculated with variables set to the mean and mode, for numeric or factor variables (respectively). Those values can be reviewed in the newdata object that is created as a part of the output from this function

##### Value

Creates a plot and an output object that summarizes it.

The return object includes the "newdata" object that was used to create the plot, along with the "modxVals" vector, the values of the moderator for which lines were drawn, and the color vector. It also includes the call that generated the plot.

##### References

Aiken, L. S. and West, S.G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications.

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., and Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Third.). Routledge Academic.

testSlopes plotCurves

##### Aliases
• plotSlopes
• plotSlopes.lm
##### Examples
# NOT RUN {
## Manufacture some predictors
set.seed(12345)

dat <- genCorrelatedData2 (N = 100, means = rep(0,4), sds = 1, rho = 0.2,
beta = c(0.3, 0.5, -0.45, 0.5, -0.1, 0, 0.6),
stde = 2)

dat$xcat1 <- gl(2, 50, labels = c("M", "F")) dat$xcat2 <- cut(rnorm(100), breaks = c(-Inf, 0, 0.4, 0.9, 1, Inf),
labels = c("R", "M", "D", "P", "G"))
## incorporate effect of categorical predictors
dat$y <- dat$y + 1.9 * dat$x1 * contrasts(dat$xcat1)[dat$xcat1] + contrasts(dat$xcat2)[dat$xcat2 , ] %*% c(0.1, -0.16, 0, 0.2) m1 <- lm(y ~ x1 * x2 + x3 + x4 + xcat1* xcat2, data = dat) summary(m1) ## New in rockchalk 1.7.x. No modx required: plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1") ## Confidence interval, anybody? plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", interval = "conf") ## Prediction interval. plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", interval = "pred") plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "xcat2", modxVals = c("R", "M")) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "pred") plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "conf", space = c(0,1)) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", modxVals = c("Print R" = "R" , "Show M" = "M"), gridArgs = "none") ## Now experiment with a moderator variable ## let default quantile algorithm do its job plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat2", interval = "none") plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "none") plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", legendArgs = list(title = "xcat2"), ylim = c(-3, 3), lwd = 0.4) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", legendArgs = list(title = "xcat2"), ylim = c(-3, 3), lwd = 0.4, width = 0.25) m1.ps <- plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "prediction") m1.ps <- plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "prediction", space=c(0,2)) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "prediction", gridArgs = "none") plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat2", modx = "xcat1", interval = "confidence", ylim = c(-3, 3)) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", col = c("black", "blue", "green", "red", "orange"), lty = c(1, 4, 6, 3)) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", col = gray.colors(4, end = 0.5), lty = c(1, 4, 6, 3), legendArgs = list(horiz=TRUE)) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", col = c("pink", "orange")) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", interval = "confidence", col = c("black", "blue", "green", "red", "orange")) plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "xcat1", modx = "xcat2", interval = "confidence", col = c("black", "blue", "green", "red", "orange"), gridlwd = 0.2) ## previous uses default equivalent to ## plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "x2", modxVals = "quantile") ## Want more focal values? plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "x2", n = 5) ## Pick focal values yourself? plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "x2", modxVals = c(-2, 0, 0.5)) ## Alternative algorithm? plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "x2", modxVals = "std.dev.", main = "Uses \"std.dev.\" Divider for the Moderator", xlab = "My Predictor", ylab = "Write Anything You Want for ylab") ## Will catch output object from this one m1ps <- plotSlopes(m1, plotx = "x1", modx = "x2", modxVals = "std.dev.", n = 5, main = "Setting n = 5 Selects More Focal Values for Plotting") m1ts <- testSlopes(m1ps) plot(m1ts) ### Examples with categorical Moderator variable m3 <- lm (y ~ x1 + xcat1, data = dat) summary(m3) plotSlopes(m3, modx = "xcat1", plotx = "x1") plotSlopes(m3, modx = "xcat1", plotx = "x1", interval = "predict") plotSlopes(m3, modx = "x1", plotx = "xcat1", interval = "confidence", legendArgs = list(x = "bottomright", title = "")) m4 <- lm (y ~ x1 * xcat1, data = dat) summary(m4) plotSlopes(m4, modx = "xcat1", plotx = "x1") plotSlopes(m4, modx = "xcat1", plotx = "x1", interval = "conf") m5 <- lm (y ~ x1 + x2 + x1 * xcat2, data = dat) summary(m5) plotSlopes(m5, modx = "xcat2", plotx = "x1") m5ps <- plotSlopes(m5, modx = "xcat2", plotx = "x1", interval = "conf") testSlopes(m5ps) ## Now examples with real data. How about Chilean voters? library(carData) m6 <- lm(statusquo ~ income * sex, data = Chile) summary(m6) plotSlopes(m6, modx = "sex", plotx = "income") m6ps <- plotSlopes(m6, modx = "sex", plotx = "income", col = c("orange", "blue")) testSlopes(m6ps) m7 <- lm(statusquo ~ region * income, data= Chile) summary(m7) plotSlopes(m7, plotx = "income", modx = "region") plotSlopes(m7, plotx = "income", modx = "region", plotPoints = FALSE) plotSlopes(m7, plotx = "income", modx = "region", plotPoints = FALSE, interval = "conf") plotSlopes(m7, plotx = "income", modx = "region", modxVals = c("SA","S", "C"), plotPoints = FALSE, interval = "conf") ## Same, choosing 3 most frequent values plotSlopes(m7, plotx = "income", modx = "region", n = 3, plotPoints = FALSE, interval = "conf") m8 <- lm(statusquo ~ region * income + sex + age, data= Chile) summary(m8) plotSlopes(m8, modx = "region", plotx = "income") m9 <- lm(statusquo ~ income * age + education + sex + age, data = Chile) summary(m9) plotSlopes(m9, modx = "income", plotx = "age") m9ps <- plotSlopes(m9, modx = "income", plotx = "age") m9psts <- testSlopes(m9ps) plot(m9psts) ## only works if moderator is numeric ## Demonstrate re-labeling plotSlopes(m9, modx = "income", plotx = "age", n = 5, modxVals = c("Very poor" = 7500, "Rich" = 125000), main = "Chile Data", legendArgs = list(title = "Designated Incomes")) plotSlopes(m9, modx = "income", plotx = "age", n = 5, modxVals = c("table"), main = "Moderator: mean plus/minus 2 SD") ## Convert education to numeric, for fun Chile$educationn <- as.numeric(Chile\$education)
m10 <- lm(statusquo ~ income * educationn + sex + age, data = Chile)
summary(m10)
plotSlopes(m10, plotx = "educationn",  modx = "income")

## Now, the occupational prestige data. Please note careful attention
## to consistency of colors selected
data(Prestige)
m11 <- lm(prestige ~ education * type, data = Prestige)

plotSlopes(m11, plotx = "education", modx = "type", interval = "conf")
dev.new()
plotSlopes(m11, plotx = "education", modx = "type",
modxVals = c("prof"), interval = "conf")
dev.new()
plotSlopes(m11, plotx = "education", modx = "type",
modxVals = c("bc"), interval = "conf")
dev.new()
plotSlopes(m11, plotx = "education", modx = "type",
modxVals = c("bc", "wc"), interval = "conf")
# }

Documentation reproduced from package rockchalk, version 1.8.144, License: GPL (>= 3.0)

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