s2dverification (version 2.10.3)

NAO: Computes the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index

Description

Compute the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index based on the leading EOF of the sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the north Atlantic region (20N-80N, 80W-40E). The PCs are obtained by projecting the forecast and observed anomalies onto the observed EOF pattern (Pobs) or the forecast anomalies onto the EOF pattern of the other years of the forecast (Pmod). By default (ftime_average = 2:4) NAO() computes the NAO index for 1-month lead seasonal forecasts that can be plotted with BoxPlot(). Returns cross-validated PCs of the NAO index for forecast (ano_exp) and observations (ano_obs) based on the leading EOF pattern.

Usage

NAO(
  ano_exp = NULL,
  ano_obs = NULL,
  lon,
  lat,
  ftime_average = 2:4,
  obsproj = TRUE
)

Arguments

ano_exp

Array of North Atlantic SLP (20N-80N, 80W-40E) forecast anomalies from Ano() or Ano_CrossValid() with dimensions (n. of experimental data sets, n. of ensemble members, n. of start dates, n. of forecast time steps, n. of latitudes, n. of longitudes). If only NAO of observational data needs to be computed, this parameter can be left to NULL (default).

ano_obs

Array of North Atlantic SLP (20N-80N, 80W-40E) observed anomalies from Ano() or Ano_CrossValid() with dimensions (n. of observational data sets, n. of obs. ensemble members, n. of start dates, n. of forecast time steps, n. of latitudes, n. of longitudes). If only NAO of experimental data needs to be computed, this parameter can be left to NULL (default).

lon

Vector with the longitudes of ano_exp and ano_obs.

lat

Vector with the latitudes of ano_exp and ano_obs.

ftime_average

A vector with the forecast time steps to average across defining the target period. Takes by default 2:4, i.e. from 2nd to 4th forecast time steps.

obsproj

obsproj = TRUE will compute the NAO index by projecting the forecast anomalies onto the leading EOF of observational reference. obsproj = FALSE will compute the NAO by first computing the leading EOF of the forecast anomalies (in cross-validation mode, i.e. leaving the year you are evaluating out), and then projecting forecast anomalies onto this EOF.

Value

NAO_exp

Array of forecast NAO index in verification format (ensemble members, start dates).

NAO_obs

Array of observed NAO index in verification format (1, number of start dates).

EOFs_obs

EOFs of the observational references.

References

Doblas-Reyes, F.J., Pavan, V. and Stephenson, D. (2003). The skill of multi-model seasonal forecasts of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 21, 501-514. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-003-0350-4

Examples

# NOT RUN {
# See examples on Load() to understand the first lines in this example
 
# }
# NOT RUN {
data_path <- system.file('sample_data', package = 's2dverification')
expA <- list(name = 'experiment', path = file.path(data_path,
            'model/$EXP_NAME$/$STORE_FREQ$_mean/$VAR_NAME$_3hourly',
            '$VAR_NAME$_$START_DATE$.nc'))
obsX <- list(name = 'observation', path = file.path(data_path,
            '$OBS_NAME$/$STORE_FREQ$_mean/$VAR_NAME$',
            '$VAR_NAME$_$YEAR$$MONTH$.nc'))

# Now we are ready to use Load().
startDates <- c('19851101', '19901101', '19951101', '20001101', '20051101')
sampleData <- Load('tos', list(expA), list(obsX), startDates,
                  leadtimemin = 1, leadtimemax = 4, output = 'lonlat',
                  latmin = 20, latmax = 90, lonmin = -80, lonmax = 40)
 
# }
# NOT RUN {
 
# }
# NOT RUN {
# Now ready to compute the EOFs and project on, for example, the first 
# variability mode.
ano <- Ano_CrossValid(sampleData$mod, sampleData$obs)
# Note that computing the NAO over the region for which there is available 
# example data is not the full NAO area: NAO() will raise a warning.
nao <- NAO(ano$ano_exp, ano$ano_obs, sampleData$lon, sampleData$lat)
# Finally plot the NAO index
 
# }
# NOT RUN {
PlotBoxWhisker(nao$NAO_exp, nao$NAO_obs, "NAO index, DJF", "NAO index (PC1) TOS",
       monini = 12, yearini = 1985, freq = 1, "Exp. A", "Obs. X")
 
# }
# NOT RUN {
# }