sdcMicro (version 4.0.0)

addNoise: Adding noise to perturb data

Description

Various methods for adding noise to perturb continuous scaled variables.

Usage

addNoise(obj, variables,noise=150,method="additive",...)#,p,delta)

Arguments

obj

data frame or matrix which should be perturbed or a sdcMicroObj

variables

vector with names of variables, whoch should be perturbed

noise

amount of noise (in percentages)

method

choose between additive, correlated, correlated2, restr, ROMM, outdect

...

see possible arguments below

p

multiplication factor for method ROMM

delta

parameter for method correlated2, details can be found in the reference below.

Value

• An object of class micro with following entities:
• x
  the original data
• xm
  the modified (perturbed) data
• method
  method used for perturbation
• noise
  amount of noise

Details

Method additive adds noise completely at random to each variable depending on there size and standard deviation. correlated and method correlated2 adds noise and preserves the covariances as descriped in R. Brand (2001) or in the reference given below. Method restr takes the sample size into account when adding noise. Method ROMM is an implementation of the algorithm ROMM (Random Orthogonalized Matrix Masking) (Fienberg, 2004). Method outdect adds noise only to outliers. The outliers are idedentified with univariate and robust multivariate procedures based on a robust mahalanobis distancs calculated by the MCD estimator.

References

Domingo-Ferrer, J. and Sebe, F. and Castella, J., On the security of noise addition for privacy in statistical databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3050, pp. 149-161, 2004. ISSN 0302-9743. Vol. Privacy in Statistical Databases, eds. J. Domingo-Ferrer and V. Torra, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. http://vneumann.etse.urv.es/publications/sci/lncs3050OntheSec.pdf, Ting, D. Fienberg, S.E. and Trottini, M. ROMM Methodology for Microdata Release Joint UNECE/Eurostat work session on statistical data confidentiality, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005, http://www.niss.org/dgii/TR/wp.11.e(ROMM).pdf Ting, D., Fienberg, S.E., Trottini, M. Random orthogonal matrix masking methodology for microdata release, International Journal of Information and Computer Security, vol. 2, pp. 86-105, 2008. Templ, M. and Meindl, B., Robustification of Microdata Masking Methods and the Comparison with Existing Methods, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Privacy in Statistical Databases, vol. 5262, pp. 177-189, 2008. Templ, M. New Developments in Statistical Disclosure Control and Imputation: Robust Statistics Applied to Official Statistics, Suedwestdeutscher Verlag fuer Hochschulschriften, 2009, ISBN: 3838108280, 264 pages. Templ, M. and Meindl, B.: Practical Applications in Statistical Disclosure Control Using R, Privacy and Anonymity in Information Management Systems New Techniques for New Practical Problems, Springer, 31-62, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-84996-237-7.

See Also

summary.micro

Examples

data(Tarragona)
a1 <- addNoise(Tarragona)
a1

data(testdata)
testdata[, c('expend','income','savings')] <- addNoise(testdata[,c('expend','income','savings')])$xm

## for objects of class sdcMicro:
data(testdata2)
sdc <- createSdcObj(testdata2, keyVars=c('urbrur','roof','walls','water','electcon','relat','sex'), 
           numVars=c('expend','income','savings'), w='sampling_weight')
sdc <- addNoise(sdc)