slopes package

The slopes R package calculates the slope (longitudinal steepness, also known as gradient) of roads, rivers and other linear (simple) features, based on two main inputs:

• vector linestring geometries defined by classes in the sf package
• raster objects with pixel values reporting average height, commonly known as digital elevation model (DEM) datasets, defined by classes in the raster or more recent terra packages

Data on slopes are useful in many fields of research, including hydrology, natural hazards (including flooding and landslide risk management), recreational and competitive sports such as cycling, hiking, and skiing. Slopes are also also important in some branches of transport and emissions modelling and ecology. See the intro-to-slopes vignette for details on fields using slope data and the need for this package.

This README covers installation and basic usage. For more information about slopes and how to use the package to calculate them, see the get started and the introduction to slopes vignette.

How it works

The package takes two main types of input data for slope calculation: - vector geographic objects representing linear features, and - elevation values from a DEM representing a continuous terrain surface or which can be downloaded using functionality in the package

The package can be used with two sources of elevation data: - openly available elevation data via an interface to the ceramic package, enabling estimation of hilliness for routes anywhere worldwide even when local DEM data is lacking. The package takes geographic lines objects and returns elevation data per vertex (providing the output as a 3D point geometry in the sf package by default) and per line feature (providing average gradient by default). - an elevation model, available on your machine.

Getting started

Installation

Install the development version from GitHub with:

# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("ropensci/slopes")

Installation for DEM downloads

If you do not already have DEM data and want to make use of the package’s ability to download them using the ceramic package, install the package with suggested dependencies, as follows:

# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("ropensci/slopes", dependencies = "Suggests")

Furthermore, you will need to add a MapBox API key to be able to get DEM datasets, by signing up and registering for a key at https://console.mapbox.com/account/access-tokens/ and then following these steps:

usethis::edit_r_environ()
# Then add the following line to the file that opens:

MAPBOX_API_KEY=xxxxx # replace XXX with your api key

# Check that the key is set
Sys.getenv("MAPBOX_API_KEY")

Basic examples

Load the package in the usual way. We will also load the sf library:

library(slopes)
library(sf)

The minimum input data requirement for using the package is an sf object containing LINESTRING geometries, as illustrated below (requires a MapBox API key):

sf_linestring = lisbon_route # import or load a linestring object

# sf_linestring_xyz = elevation_add(sf_linestring)  # dem = NULL
# #> Loading required namespace: ceramic
# #> Preparing to download: 12 tiles at zoom = 12 from 
# #> https://api.mapbox.com/v4/mapbox.terrain-rgb/

With the default argument dem = NULL, the function downloads the necessary elevation information from Mapbox. You can also this use a local DEM (dem = ...), as shown in the example below:

sf_linestring_xyz_local = elevation_add(sf_linestring, dem = dem_lisbon_raster)
#> Loading required namespace: raster

In both cases you can obtain the average gradient of the linestring with slope_xyz() and plot the elevation profile with plot_slope() as follows:

slope_xyz(sf_linestring_xyz_local)
#>          1 
#> 0.07817098
plot_slope(sf_linestring_xyz_local)

See more functions in Get started vignette.

See more in vignettes

• Get started
• An introduction to slopes
• Reproducible example: gradients of a road network for a given city
• Verification of slopes
• Benchmarking slopes calculation

Code of Conduct

Please note that this package is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.