"im" to represent a two-dimensional pixel image.image.default(xcol, yrow, t(im))dim dimensions of matrix v
xrange range of $x$ coordinates of image window
yrange range of $y$ coordinates of image window
xstep width of one pixel
ystep height of one pixel
xcol vector of $x$ coordinates of centres of pixels
yrow vector of $y$ coordinates of centres of pixelsim,
Kmeasure,
setcov