# cdf.test

0th

Percentile

##### Spatial Distribution Test for Point Pattern or Point Process Model

Performs a test of goodness-of-fit of a point process model. The observed and predicted distributions of the values of a spatial covariate are compared using either the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cramer-von Mises test or Anderson-Darling test. For non-Poisson models, a Monte Carlo test is used.

Keywords
htest, spatial
##### Usage
cdf.test(...)# S3 method for ppp
cdf.test(X, covariate, test=c("ks", "cvm", "ad"), …,
interpolate=TRUE, jitter=TRUE)# S3 method for ppm
cdf.test(model, covariate,  test=c("ks", "cvm", "ad"), …,
interpolate=TRUE, jitter=TRUE, nsim=99, verbose=TRUE)# S3 method for lpp
cdf.test(X, covariate,  test=c("ks", "cvm", "ad"), …,
interpolate=TRUE, jitter=TRUE)# S3 method for lppm
…,
interpolate=TRUE, jitter=TRUE, nsim=99, verbose=TRUE)# S3 method for slrm
cdf.test(model, covariate,  test=c("ks", "cvm", "ad"), …, modelname=NULL, covname=NULL)
##### Arguments
X

A point pattern (object of class "ppp" or "lpp").

model

A fitted point process model (object of class "ppm" or "lppm") or fitted spatial logistic regression (object of class "slrm").

covariate

The spatial covariate on which the test will be based. A function, a pixel image (object of class "im"), a list of pixel images, or one of the characters "x" or "y" indicating the Cartesian coordinates.

test

Character string identifying the test to be performed: "ks" for Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, "cvm" for Cramer-von Mises test or "ad" for Anderson-Darling test.

Arguments passed to ks.test (from the stats package) or cvm.test or ad.test (from the goftest package) to control the test.

interpolate

Logical flag indicating whether to interpolate pixel images. If interpolate=TRUE, the value of the covariate at each point of X will be approximated by interpolating the nearby pixel values. If interpolate=FALSE, the nearest pixel value will be used.

jitter

Logical flag. If jitter=TRUE, values of the covariate will be slightly perturbed at random, to avoid tied values in the test.

modelname,covname

Character strings giving alternative names for model and covariate to be used in labelling plot axes.

nsim

Number of simulated realisations from the model to be used for the Monte Carlo test, when model is not a Poisson process.

verbose

Logical value indicating whether to print progress reports when performing a Monte Carlo test.

##### Details

These functions perform a goodness-of-fit test of a Poisson or Gibbs point process model fitted to point pattern data. The observed distribution of the values of a spatial covariate at the data points, and the predicted distribution of the same values under the model, are compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Cramer-von Mises test or the Anderson-Darling test. For Gibbs models, a Monte Carlo test is performed using these test statistics.

The function cdf.test is generic, with methods for point patterns ("ppp" or "lpp"), point process models ("ppm" or "lppm") and spatial logistic regression models ("slrm").

• If X is a point pattern dataset (object of class "ppp"), then cdf.test(X, …) performs a goodness-of-fit test of the uniform Poisson point process (Complete Spatial Randomness, CSR) for this dataset. For a multitype point pattern, the uniform intensity is assumed to depend on the type of point (sometimes called Complete Spatial Randomness and Independence, CSRI).

• If model is a fitted point process model (object of class "ppm" or "lppm") then cdf.test(model, …) performs a test of goodness-of-fit for this fitted model.

• If model is a fitted spatial logistic regression (object of class "slrm") then cdf.test(model, …) performs a test of goodness-of-fit for this fitted model.

The test is performed by comparing the observed distribution of the values of a spatial covariate at the data points, and the predicted distribution of the same covariate under the model, using a classical goodness-of-fit test. Thus, you must nominate a spatial covariate for this test.

If X is a point pattern that does not have marks, the argument covariate should be either a function(x,y) or a pixel image (object of class "im" containing the values of a spatial function, or one of the characters "x" or "y" indicating the Cartesian coordinates. If covariate is an image, it should have numeric values, and its domain should cover the observation window of the model. If covariate is a function, it should expect two arguments x and y which are vectors of coordinates, and it should return a numeric vector of the same length as x and y.

If X is a multitype point pattern, the argument covariate can be either a function(x,y,marks), or a pixel image, or a list of pixel images corresponding to each possible mark value, or one of the characters "x" or "y" indicating the Cartesian coordinates.

First the original data point pattern is extracted from model. The values of the covariate at these data points are collected.

The predicted distribution of the values of the covariate under the fitted model is computed as follows. The values of the covariate at all locations in the observation window are evaluated, weighted according to the point process intensity of the fitted model, and compiled into a cumulative distribution function $F$ using ewcdf.

The probability integral transformation is then applied: the values of the covariate at the original data points are transformed by the predicted cumulative distribution function $F$ into numbers between 0 and 1. If the model is correct, these numbers are i.i.d. uniform random numbers. The A goodness-of-fit test of the uniform distribution is applied to these numbers using stats::ks.test, goftest::cvm.test or goftest::ad.test.

This test was apparently first described (in the context of spatial data, and using Kolmogorov-Smirnov) by Berman (1986). See also Baddeley et al (2005).

If model is not a Poisson process, then a Monte Carlo test is performed, by generating nsim point patterns which are simulated realisations of the model, re-fitting the model to each simulated point pattern, and calculating the test statistic for each fitted model. The Monte Carlo $p$ value is determined by comparing the simulated values of the test statistic with the value for the original data.

The return value is an object of class "htest" containing the results of the hypothesis test. The print method for this class gives an informative summary of the test outcome.

The return value also belongs to the class "cdftest" for which there is a plot method plot.cdftest. The plot method displays the empirical cumulative distribution function of the covariate at the data points, and the predicted cumulative distribution function of the covariate under the model, plotted against the value of the covariate.

The argument jitter controls whether covariate values are randomly perturbed, in order to avoid ties. If the original data contains any ties in the covariate (i.e. points with equal values of the covariate), and if jitter=FALSE, then the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test implemented in ks.test will issue a warning that it cannot calculate the exact $p$-value. To avoid this, if jitter=TRUE each value of the covariate will be perturbed by adding a small random value. The perturbations are normally distributed with standard deviation equal to one hundredth of the range of values of the covariate. This prevents ties, and the $p$-value is still correct. There is a very slight loss of power.

##### Value

An object of class "htest" containing the results of the test. See ks.test for details. The return value can be printed to give an informative summary of the test.

The value also belongs to the class "cdftest" for which there is a plot method.

##### Warning

The outcome of the test involves a small amount of random variability, because (by default) the coordinates are randomly perturbed to avoid tied values. Hence, if cdf.test is executed twice, the $p$-values will not be exactly the same. To avoid this behaviour, set jitter=FALSE.

##### References

Baddeley, A., Turner, R., Moller, J. and Hazelton, M. (2005) Residual analysis for spatial point processes. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 67, 617--666.

Berman, M. (1986) Testing for spatial association between a point process and another stochastic process. Applied Statistics 35, 54--62.

plot.cdftest, quadrat.test, berman.test, ks.test, cvm.test, ad.test, ppm

##### Aliases
• cdf.test
• cdf.test.ppm
• cdf.test.lppm
• cdf.test.lpp
• cdf.test.ppp
• cdf.test.slrm
##### Examples
# NOT RUN {
op <- options(useFancyQuotes=FALSE)

# test of CSR using x coordinate
cdf.test(nztrees, "x")
cdf.test(nztrees, "x", "cvm")

# test of CSR using a function of x and y
fun <- function(x,y){2* x + y}
cdf.test(nztrees, fun)

# test of CSR using an image covariate
funimage <- as.im(fun, W=Window(nztrees))
cdf.test(nztrees, funimage)

# fit inhomogeneous Poisson model and test
model <- ppm(nztrees ~x)
cdf.test(model, "x")

if(interactive()) {
# synthetic data: nonuniform Poisson process
X <- rpoispp(function(x,y) { 100 * exp(x) }, win=square(1))

# fit uniform Poisson process
fit0 <- ppm(X ~1)
# fit correct nonuniform Poisson process
fit1 <- ppm(X ~x)

# test wrong model
cdf.test(fit0, "x")
# test right model
cdf.test(fit1, "x")
}

# multitype point pattern
cdf.test(amacrine, "x")
yimage <- as.im(function(x,y){y}, W=Window(amacrine))
cdf.test(ppm(amacrine ~marks+y), yimage)

options(op)
# }

Documentation reproduced from package spatstat, version 1.49-0, License: GPL (>= 2)

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