Kinhom
Inhomogeneous K-function
Estimates the inhomogeneous $K$ function of a non-stationary point pattern.
- Keywords
- spatial
Usage
Kinhom(X, lambda, r = NULL, breaks = NULL, slow = FALSE,
correction=c("border", "bord.modif", "isotropic", "translate"),
..., lambda2
)
Arguments
- X
- The observed data point pattern,
from which an estimate of the inhomogeneous $K$ function
will be computed.
An object of class
"ppp"
or in a format recognised byas.ppp()
- lambda
- Vector of values of the estimated intensity function,
evaluated at the points of the pattern
X
. - r
- vector of values for the argument $r$ at which the inhomogeneous $K$ function should be evaluated. Not normally given by the user; there is a sensible default.
- breaks
- An alternative to the argument
r
. Not normally invoked by the user. See Details. - slow
- Not normally given by the user.
Logical flag which selects the algorithm used to compute the
inhomogeneous $K$ function. The default (
slow=FALSE
) is faster than the alternative (slow=TRUE
). The slow algorithm is - correction
- A character vector containing any selection of the
options
"border"
,"bord.modif"
,"isotropic"
,"Ripley"
or"translate"
. It specifies the edge correction(s) to be applied. - ...
- Currently ignored.
- lambda2
- Advanced use only. Matrix containing estimates of the products $\lambda(x_i)\lambda(x_j)$ of the intensities at each pair of data points $x_i$ and $x_j$.
Details
This computes a generalisation of the $K$ function
for inhomogeneous point patterns, proposed by
Baddeley, Moller and Waagepetersen (2000).
The ``ordinary'' $K$ function
(variously known as the reduced second order moment function
and Ripley's $K$ function), is
described under Kest
. It is defined only
for stationary point processes.
The inhomogeneous $K$ function
$K_{\rm inhom}(r)$
is a direct generalisation to nonstationary point processes.
Suppose $x$ is a point process with non-constant intensity
$\lambda(u)$ at each location $u$.
Define $K_{\rm inhom}(r)$ to be the expected
value, given that $u$ is a point of $x$,
of the sum of all terms
$1/\lambda(u)\lambda(x_j)$
over all points $x_j$
in the process separated from $u$ by a distance less than $r$.
This reduces to the ordinary $K$ function if
$\lambda()$ is constant.
If $x$ is an inhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity
function $\lambda(u)$, then
$K_{\rm inhom}(r) = \pi r^2$.
This allows us to inspect a point pattern for evidence of interpoint interactions after allowing for spatial inhomogeneity of the pattern. Values $K_{\rm inhom}(r) > \pi r^2$ are suggestive of clustering.
The argument lambda
should be a vector of length equal to the
number of points in the pattern X
. It will be interpreted as
giving the (estimated) values of $\lambda(x_i)$ for
each point $x_i$ of the pattern $x$.
Edge corrections are used to correct bias in the estimation
of $K_{\rm inhom}$.
Each edge-corrected estimate of $K_{\rm inhom}(r)$ is
of the form
$$\widehat K_{\rm inhom}(r) = \sum_i \sum_j \frac{1{d_{ij} \le
r} e(x_i,x_j,r)}{\lambda(x_i)\lambda(x_j)}$$
where $d_{ij}$ is the distance between points
$x_i$ and $x_j$, and
$e(x_i,x_j,r)$ is
an edge correction factor. For the `border' correction,
$$e(x_i,x_j,r) =
\frac{1(b_i > r)}{\sum_j 1(b_j > r)/\lambda(x_j)}$$
where $b_i$ is the distance from $x_i$
to the boundary of the window. For the `modified border'
correction,
$$e(x_i,x_j,r) =
\frac{1(b_i > r)}{\mbox{area}(W \ominus r)}$$
where $W \ominus r$ is the eroded window obtained
by trimming a margin of width $r$ from the border of the original
window.
For the `translation' correction,
$$e(x_i,x_j,r) =
\frac 1 {\mbox{area}(W \cap (W + (x_j - x_i)))}$$
and for the `isotropic' correction,
$$e(x_i,x_j,r) =
\frac 1 {\mbox{area}(W) g(x_i,x_j)}$$
where $g(x_i,x_j)$ is the fraction of the
circumference of the circle with centre $x_i$ and radius
$||x_i - x_j||$ which lies inside the window.
The pair correlation function can also be applied to the
result of Kinhom
; see pcf
.
Value
- An object of class
"fv"
(seefv.object
). Essentially a data frame containing at least the following columns, r the vector of values of the argument $r$ at which the pair correlation function $g(r)$ has been estimated theo vector of values of $\pi r^2$, the theoretical value of $K_{\rm inhom}(r)$ for an inhomogeneous Poisson process - and containing additional columns
according to the choice specified in the
correction
argument. The additional columns are namedborder
,trans
andiso
and give the estimated values of $K_{\rm inhom}(r)$ using the border correction, translation correction, and Ripley isotropic correction, respectively.
References
Baddeley, A., Moller, J. and Waagepetersen, R. (2000) Non- and semiparametric estimation of interaction in inhomogeneous point patterns. Statistica Neerlandica 54, 329--350.
See Also
Examples
data(lansing)
# inhomogeneous pattern of maples
X <- unmark(lansing[lansing$marks == "maple",])
<testonly>sub <- sample(c(TRUE,FALSE), X$n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(0.1,0.9))
X <- X[sub , ]</testonly>
# fit spatial trend
fit <- ppm(X, ~ polynom(x,y,2), Poisson())
# predict intensity values at points themselves
lambda <- predict(fit, locations=X, type="trend")
# inhomogeneous K function
Ki <- Kinhom(X, lambda)
plot(Ki)
# SIMULATED DATA
# known intensity function
lamfun <- function(x,y) { 100 * x }
# inhomogeneous Poisson process
Y <- rpoispp(lamfun, 100, owin())
# evaluate intensity at points of pattern
lambda <- lamfun(Y$x, Y$y)
# inhomogeneous K function
Ki <- Kinhom(Y, lambda)
plot(Ki)