spdep (version 0.6-4)

EBImoran.mc: Permutation test for empirical Bayes index

Description

An empirical Bayes index modification of Moran's I for testing for spatial autocorrelation in a rate, typically the number of observed cases in a population at risk. The index value is tested by using nsim random permutations of the index for the given spatial weighting scheme, to establish the rank of the observed statistic in relation to the nsim simulated values.

Usage

EBImoran.mc(n, x, listw, nsim, zero.policy = NULL, 
 alternative = "greater", spChk=NULL, return_boot=FALSE,
 subtract_mean_in_numerator=TRUE)

Arguments

n

a numeric vector of counts of cases the same length as the neighbours list in listw

x

a numeric vector of populations at risk the same length as the neighbours list in listw

listw

a listw object created for example by nb2listw

nsim

number of permutations

zero.policy

default NULL, use global option value; if TRUE assign zero to the lagged value of zones without neighbours, if FALSE assign NA

alternative

a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis, must be one of "greater" (default), or "less"

spChk

should the data vector names be checked against the spatial objects for identity integrity, TRUE, or FALSE, default NULL to use get.spChkOption()

return_boot

return an object of class boot from the equivalent permutation bootstrap rather than an object of class htest

subtract_mean_in_numerator

default TRUE, if TRUE subtract mean of z in numerator of EBI equation on p. 2157 in reference (consulted with Renato Assunção 2016-02-19); until February 2016 the default was FALSE agreeing with the printed paper.

Value

• A list with class htest and mc.sim containing the following components:
• statistic
  the value of the observed Moran's I.
• parameter
  the rank of the observed Moran's I.
• p.value
  the pseudo p-value of the test.
• alternative
  a character string describing the alternative hypothesis.
• method
  a character string giving the method used.
• data.name
  a character string giving the name(s) of the data, and the number of simulations.
• res
  nsim simulated values of statistic, final value is observed statistic
• z
  a numerical vector of Empirical Bayes indices as z above

encoding

UTF-8

Details

The statistic used is (m is the number of observations): $$EBI = \frac{m}{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{j=1}^{m}w_{ij}} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{j=1}^{m}w_{ij}z_i z_j}{\sum_{i=1}^{m}(z_i - \bar{z})^2}$$ where: $$z_i = \frac{p_i - b}{\sqrt{v_i}}$$ and: $$p_i = n_i / x_i$$ $$v_i = a + (b / x_i)$$ $$b = \sum_{i=1}^{m} n_i / \sum_{i=1}^{m} x_i$$ $$a = s^2 - b / (\sum_{i=1}^{m} x_i / m)$$ $$s^2 = \sum_{i=1}^{m} x_i (p_i - b)^2 / \sum_{i=1}^{m} x_i$$

References

Assunção RM, Reis EA 1999 A new proposal to adjust Moran's I for population density. Statistics in Medicine 18, pp. 2147--2162

See Also

moran, moran.mc, EBest

Examples

example(nc.sids)
EBImoran.mc(nc.sids$SID74, nc.sids$BIR74,
 nb2listw(ncCC89_nb, style="B", zero.policy=TRUE), nsim=999, zero.policy=TRUE)
sids.p <- nc.sids$SID74 / nc.sids$BIR74
moran.mc(sids.p, nb2listw(ncCC89_nb, style="B", zero.policy=TRUE),
 nsim=999, zero.policy=TRUE)